【講座】解讀高考閱讀語篇提高學生英語閱讀思維品質

解讀高考閱讀語篇，提高學生英語閱讀思維品質一、背景二、問題三、對策四、實踐主題的四個方面：英語課程致力于培養具有“中國情懷、國際視野和跨文化溝通能力的社會主義建設者和接班人。”（教育部，2018，p.36）一、背景十九大：“立德樹人”2017高考考綱對英語閱讀理解的要求要求考生能讀懂書、報、雜志中關于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關信息。考生應能：（1）理解主旨要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義；（4）做出判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結構；（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點和態度。文章的主旨要義需從文章的字里行間進行推斷作者沒有明示文章的主旨要義，需要讀者從文章的字里行間進行歸納和概括作出簡單判斷和推理根據所讀內容做出判斷和推理增加“閱讀文章需要具備一定的語篇知識”必須對文章的結構有所了解，把握全篇的文脈必須把握全篇的基本結構，理清上下文的銜接關系2017年考綱關于閱讀理解的六變二、問題23.WhomadeagreatcontributiontothecivilrightsmovementintheU.S?得分率：81%題型：細節理解題30.WhydoesPeterhavetocompletehistripwithin42hours?得分率：78%題型：細節理解題24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?得分率：38%題型：推理判斷題28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdothelastparagraph?得分率：30%題型：推理判斷題某年全國I卷考生數據思維品質：辨析語言和文化中的具體形象，梳理、概括信息，建構新概念，分析、推理信息的邏輯關系，正確評判各種思想觀點，創造性地表達自己的觀點，具備多元思維的意識和創新思維的能力。普通高中英語課程標準（2017年版）

（1）文本解讀的重要性

教師對文本解讀的水平的深度與否，正確與否，直接影響學生的學習效果和理解深度。三、對策學習體驗程度認知發展的維度情感參與的深度學習成效的高度（2）文本解讀的內容主題意義主要內容文體結構語言修辭作者意圖WhyWhatHow1234文體特征文本解讀角度（3）文本解讀的角度文體結構語篇銜接與邏輯詞匯銜接信息類/應用文文體特征信息類文本是指通知、通告、指南、廣告，以及一組人物的介紹等。題材包括音樂戲劇、知識講座、旅游路線、參觀指南、購物指南、交通指南、名人介紹等。主要考察學生快速查讀、獲取具體信息的能力。這類文本常會出現人名、地名、組織機構等專有名詞，有時還會出現個別較難的詞，但不影響理解和解題。記敘文文體特征敘述經歷或講述故事，包括日記、游記、傳說、新聞、通訊、趣聞逸事、寓言、傳奇故事等。閱讀這類文章，一要搞清“5Wand1H”，即何人、何時、在何地、因何原因、干了何事、結果怎么樣，有何啟示或感悟；二要弄清寫作目的，作者寫文章或講故事必有其目的：或證明某一觀點，或稱贊某種美德，或譴責某種罪惡，或讓人娛樂等，這些有時在文尾或文首會有所體現。說明文文體特征說明文是用平實的語言客觀地解說事物、解釋現象、提供信息，給人以知識的文體。其題材包括實驗報告、產品介紹、場館介紹、社會現象分析，以及語言文化、人文地理、生物的生存狀況等。說明方法有舉例子、作比較、分類別、析因果、列數字、作引用等。科普類說明文常包含有結構復雜、句意深奧的長難句，因學術性強、抽象度高，解題的難度相對較大。議論文文體特征議論文的功能就是說服他人、宣揚主張。說服讀者接受某種意見或采取某種行為，目的是topersuade,toinfluence。閱讀議論文的關鍵是：抓論點，即作者的觀點。體現論點的主旨句多在文首或文尾、段首或段尾。弄清楚作者用哪些事實、例子和理由支撐其論點；理解作者旨在訴諸何種情感，即本文背后的價值取向。報道類文體特征報道類是指就科技動態、社會現象或社會熱點進行的新聞報道。報道的第一段通常是導語，體現文章主旨，然后再根據事情發生的先后或重要程度敘述細節或具體過程。應用文tointroduce/toadvertise廣而告之記敘文totell/todescribe分享愉悅說明文toinform/todeliver傳遞信息議論文toprove/topersuade講授道理To

sum

up“起”就是開頭，提出主題，吸引讀者關注主題。“承”即承接上文，加以申述。“轉”即轉折，用來表示不同或相反的情況，指出存在的矛盾和困難，提出疑問，常含有problem,difficult,toughroughunfortunate,but,however等詞。“合”即結論，引出解決問題的方法和建議。起承轉合Forexample開始背景描寫發展講述故事主線高潮故事軸心結尾重大意義/主旨寫作意圖記敘文結構起承轉合起承轉合

IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl(貓頭鷹)ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl.Ithadalready.beenplacedinacarrierforsafety.Iexaminedthechick(雛鳥)anditseemedfine.IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.Mynextworkwastoconstructanestandanchoritinatree.Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.Theseadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadults;theymightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.Igavetheownerasmuchinformationaspossibleandheadedhometoseewhatnewsthenightmightbring.Anervousnighttobesure,butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!Thehomeownercalledtosaythattheparentshadrespondedtotherecordings.Idroveoverandsawthechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.Anditwasaccompaniedinthenestbythegreatestsightofall—LUNCH！Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodoso.2017全國I-B篇議論文文體結構起承轉合引論提出論點/論題本論（擺出證據）正論或駁論歸納法或演繹法轉而說開正轉/反轉/進轉（轉入深處）結論重申見解或主張起承轉合We'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What'stheproblem?It'spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It'smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit'sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit'sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit'saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan'tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren'tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤滑劑)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast."Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,"heexplains."Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互動)withitswaiter,theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience."it'snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband.”saysDunn."Butinteractionswithperipheral(邊緣的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk."Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.2018全國II-D篇總體敘述+細節或過程說明+概括評述說明文文體結構事物說明事理說明現象+原因+后果/啟示/措施研究發現/調查結果+研究/調查過程+結論起承(轉)合Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwassillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,smalltightlyknit(聯系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps1200languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalizationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1000;Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數)ofspeakersisamere6000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuminCameroon(eightremainingSpeaker),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark)noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.2018全國I-C篇Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（裝置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthenewsonesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing.CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat'sthesolution（解決方案）?Theteam'sdateonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.TheyfoundthatmoreondemandenvironmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.2018全國I-D篇2018全國I-七選五新聞事實具體信息新聞背景補充新聞報道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole-showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.

InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,I4,Finn,13.andJack,11WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains,“Ipay￡5isforaportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood.Butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列節目)，SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpenses,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sFasterspecial,theycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.2018全國I-B篇時間與空間關系、列舉與引證、引申與轉折、推論與歸納、原因與結果語篇銜接與邏輯時間afterwards,

later,

then,

earlier,

previous,

meantime,

next,last空間above,adjacentto,before,closeto,infrontof,ontheleft(right),up,under舉例與例證first(ly),second(ly),forone(another)thing,firstofall,tobeginwith,then,toconclude,inconclusion,last,finally,forexample,forinstance引申與轉折and,andalso,moreover,furthermore,what’smore,inaddition,onthecontrary,