《國際貿易實務與操作》Chapter 7

國際貿易實務與操作

InternationalTradePracticeandOperation1Chapter7InternationalCargoTransportationTeachingObjectives1.Introducevariousmodesoftransportwiththefocusonmaritimetransportation.2.Gettoknowfreightrateandfreightcalculation.3.Discussfunctionsofshippingdocumentsandtypesofbilloflading.4.Explainthetermsofshipmentinasalecontract.2Section1ModesofTransportTherearevariousmodesininternationalcargotransport,includingmaritimetransport,airtransport,railwayandroadtransport,inlandwaterwaytransport,pipelinetransport,parceltransportandsoon.3Section1ModesofTransport1.MaritimeTransportationMaritimetransportationhasalwaysbeenthedominantsupportofglobaltrade.FeaturesofMaritimeTransport

Accordingtothemanagementofvessels,maritimetransportcanbeclassifiedmainlyaslinertransportandshippingbychartering(tramp).Anoceanlinerisapassengershiporpassenger-cargoshipthattransportspeopleandoftenfreightfromoneporttoanotheralongregulartrans-oceanicroutesaccordingtoascheduleddatesortimesirrespectiveofwhethertheyarefullornot.Atrampisanyshipwhichdoesnothaveafixedscheduleorpublishedportsofcall.Asopposedtoliners,trampshipstradeonthespotmarketwithnofixedscheduleoritinerary/ports-of-call(s).4Section1ModesofTransportCASE7-1:TheChineseSeamen’sForeignTechnicalServicesCo.v.SotoGrandeShippingCorp.,SATheFactsThe(Chinese)plaintiffinthisactionwasengagedintheprovisionofcrewingservicesforvesselsinmaritimecommerce.ThedefendantwastheownerofthePanamanianM/VPomona.TheplaintiffandthedefendantshipownerexecutedacrewingservicescontractonDecember17,1984,inShanghai.Thecontractrequiredtheplaintifftoprovide25seamen,includingamaster,officers,andcrew,toserveforoneyearaboardthePomona.Thedefendantwastopaymonthlywagesof$20,833totheplaintiff.OnJanuary14,1985,theplaintiffdispatchedthe25seamentothevessel.BySeptember16,1985,theplaintiffhadreceivedonlytwopayments,totaling$21,455forwagesand$840.80forship’sstores.Theplaintiffclaimed$225,283.05inwagepaymentsfromthedefendantshipowner.5Section1ModesofTransportAction--SeizureandSaleOnSeptember16,1985,theplaintiffsubmittedtotheShanghaiMaritimeCourtapetitionfortheseizureofthePomona.ThepetitionprayedforanorderdirectingtheshipownertopostsecurityintheamountofU.S.$200,000,oralternatively,foranorderdirectingthesaleofthevessel.Thecourtfoundthatthepetitionwasprocedurallycorrect,thatisallegedaclaimforwhichseizureofforeignflagvesselsisallowedunderChineselaw,andthatitsetforthareasonablebasisforseizure.OnSeptember28,thecourtthereforeorderedthevessel’sseizure.Duetothefailureoftheshipownertofurnishsecurity,thecourtorderedthesaleofthePomonainaccordancewithArticle93,clause3oftheLawofCivilProcedure(ForTrialImplementation)ofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Clause3…providesthatifthepropertyunderlegalcustodycannotbeheldandmaintainedforalongperiod,thePeople’sCourtmaycompelasaleanddeposittheproceedsinthecourt’sregistry.ThePomonawassoldatapublicauctiononOctober18,1985,andsalesproceedsof$430,000weregeneratedanddepositedinthecourt’sregistry.Simultaneously,thecourtpublishedanofficialannouncementthatallcreditorsofthevesselshouldapplytoregistertheirclaimswithin30days.Question:Howtosolvetheproblem?6Section1ModesofTransport2.AirTransportAirtransportisoneoftheyoungestformsoftransportandundoubtedlycontinuestomakeamajorcontributiontotheexploitationofworldresources.Airactivitiesarelinkedtotheservicessector,notablyfinanceandtourism,whichleanonthelongdistancemobilityofpeople.Advantagesanddisadvantagescomparedwithothermodesoftransportation.Airtransportcanbemanagedinmainlyfourways:scheduledairline,charteredcarrier,consolidation,airexpressservice.7Section1ModesofTransport3.InternationalRailTransportationRailtransportationhasbeentheproductoftheindustrialera.Comparedwithmaritimetransportation,railtransportsystemsdramaticallyimprovedtraveltimeaswellasthepossibilitytoofferreliableschedules.Heavyindustriesaretraditionallylinkedwithrailtransportsystems.8Section1ModesofTransport4.ContainerTransportContainertransportistodistributemerchandiseinacontainertherebypermittinganinter-modaltransportsystemtobeevolved,providingapossiblecombinationofrail,road,inlandwaterwayandmaritimetransport.Featuresofcontainertransport.9Section1ModesofTransport5.InternationalMultimodalTransportInternationalmultimodaltransportisthecarriageofgoodsbyatleasttwodifferentmodesoftransportonthebasisofamultimodaltransportcontractfromaplaceinonecountryatwhichthegoodsaretakeninchargebythemultimodaltransportoperatortoaplacedesignatedfordeliverysituatedinadifferentcountry.Tobejustifiedasmultimodaltransport,theremustbeamultimodaltransportoperator,amultimodaltransportcontractandamultimodaltransportdocument.Featuresofmultimodaltransport.10Section1ModesofTransport6.RoadTransportTheroadvehicle,usedbetweencountriesconnectedbyroad,isalowcapacitybutveryversatileunitoftransport,veryflexibleinoperation.Withcontainerization,roadtransportationhasbecomeacruciallinkinfreightdistribution.11Section1ModesofTransport7.InlandWaterwayTransportTheinlandwaterwaysystemisusuallylinkedtotheseaportandtherebyactsasadistributorandfeedertotheshippingservices.Insomecountries,especiallyunderdevelopedones,inlandwaterwayareamajorformofdistributionastheroadandrailsystemsareunabletocopeorarenonexistentinmanyareas.12Section1ModesofTransport8.TheLandbridgeTransportThelandbridgetransportisawayoftransportingcargofromaportoraninlandpointoforiginintheshipper’scountrytoaninlandpointoraportoffinaldestinationintheconsignee’scountryusingacombinationofusuallyseaandland,orairandland,orair,landandseatransports,insteadofrelyingfullyonjourneybywaterorair,usingamultimodaltransportdocumentknownasthroughbillofladingorcombinedtransportbilloflading.TherearemainlythreelandbridgesinworldpresentlyincludingtheSiberianLandBridge,whichisalsooneofthemostconventionalroutes,EurasiaLandBridgeandtheNorthAmericanLandBridge13Section1ModesofTransport9.PipelineTransportPipelinetransportisaspecialmodeoftransportmostsuitablefortransportingcommoditieslikecrudeoilandgases,overlongdistances.Insomerarecasespipelinetransportcanbeusedfortheshipmentofdrybulkcommodities,suchascoalintheformofslurry.14Section1ModesofTransport10.ParcelPostTransportParcelposttransportisarelativelysimplemethodoftransport.Itisbecomingmoreandmorepopularwiththedevelopmentofinternationalpostalnetworkandtheimprovementinthequalityandrangeofservices.15Section2FreightRatesFreightistherewardpayabletothecarrierforthecarriageofgoodsinamercantileorrecognizedconditionreadytobedeliveredtothemerchant.1.MaritimeFreightRatesMaritimetrafficisdominantlyfocusedonfreight.Linerratesarebasedpartlyoncost,andpartlyonvalue.Apartfrombasicfreight,linercompaniesalsocollectvariousadditionalchargesinordertocoverthespecialhandlingofclumsycargoortofulfilspecialtransportrequirments.Insofarascharteredvesselsareconcerned,thefreightisnegotiatedbetweenshipownerandtheshipperbasedonmarketsupplyanddemand.16Section2FreightRates2.InternationalAirFreightRatesTheformulationofairfreightratesiscontrolledbytheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA)insofarasmajorworldairlinesareaffiliatedtoit.Aircargoratesapplyfromairportofdeparturetoairportofdestination;theydonotincludechargesforcartage,customsentryandclearance,etc.17Section2FreightRatesCase7-2TSAKIROGLOU&CO.LTD.v.NOBLEETHORLG.m.b.H.FactsandBackgrounds:ByacontractdatedHamburg,October4,1956betweenTsakiroglou&Co.Ltd,ofKhartoumassellers,andtherespondents,Noblee

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G.m.b.H.ofHamburg/Hargurgasbuyers,throughagents,thesellersagreedtosellandthebuyerstobuyabout300tonsofSudanesegroundnutsintheshellbasis3percent,admixturenewcrop1956/1957at$50per1,000kilosincludingbagsc.i.f.Hamburg.ShipmentNovember/December,1956,withpaymentcashagainstdocumentsonfirstpresentationfor95percentoftheamountofprovisionalinvoice,balancetobepaidaftertheanalysisonfinalinvoice.ThecontractformwastobetheincorporatedOilSeedAssociationContractNo.38(hereinaftercalled“I.O.S.AContractNo.38”)witharbitrationinLondon.Clause1ofI.O.S.AContractNo.38providedfor“shipmentfromanEastAfricanport…bysteamers(tankersexcluded)directorindirectwithorwithouttransshipment.”18Section2FreightRatesBothpartiescontractedonthebasisthatthegoodswouldbeshippedfromPortSudan.Clause6ofthecontractprovided:“incaseofprohibitionofimportorexport,blockadeorwar,andinallcasesofforcemajeurepreventingtheshipmentwithinthetimefixed,orthedelivery,theperiodallowedbynotexceedingtwomonths.Afterthat,ifthecaseofforcemajeurebestilloperating,thecontractshallbecanceled.”Atthedatewhenthecontractwasmade,bothpartiedcontemplatedthatshipmentwouldbemadeviatheSuezCanal.OnOctober29,1956,theIsraelisinvadedEgypt,onNovember1BritainandFrancecommencedmilitaryoperations,andonNovember2theSuezCanalwasblockedtoshipping.Atthedatewhenthecontractenteredinto,theusualandnormalroutesfortheshipmentofSudanesegroundnutsfromPortSudantoHamburgwasviatheSuezCanal.However,theclosureoftheSuezCanalpreventedtransportfromPortSudantoHamburgviatheCanalandtheimpossibilitybythatroutecontinueduntilApril1957.ThedistanceviatheSuezCanalisapproximately4,386milesandthedistanceviatheCapeofGoodHopeisapproximately11,137miles.FromNovember10,1956,aftertheclosureoftheCanal,a25%freightsurchargewasplacedongoodsshippedonvesselsproceedingviatheCapeofGoodHopeandthiswasincreasedto100%onDecember13,1956.Disputes:Theseller’sclaimthatthecontractwasfrustratedandwasatanendbecauseoftheclosureoftheSuezCanalwasnotacceptedbythebuyers.19Section3ShippingDocuments1.DefinitionofBillofLading(B/L)Billofladingisadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.FunctionsofB/L(1)Evidenceofthecontractofcarriageofgoodsbysea.(2)Receiptoftakingoverorloadingthegoods.(3)Documentoftitle.20Section3ShippingDocuments2.TypesofBillofLadingBasedondifferentclassificationmethods,thereareanumberofdifferenttypesofbillsofladingwhicharelistedinthetablebelow.21Section3ShippingDocumentsClassification

WhetherthecargohasbeenloadedonboardthevesselTheapparentconditionofthegoodsThenegotiabilityofthedocumentThemodeoftransportThecomplexityofcontentsTheeffectofthebillofladingTypesOnBoardB/LReceivedforShipmentB/LCleanB/LClausedB/LStraightB/LShipper’sOrder(Negotiable)B/LBlankEndorsedNegotiableB/LDirectB/LTransshipmentB/LCombinedB/LLongFormB/LShortFormB/LOriginalB/LCopyB/L22Section3ShippingDocuments3.ContentsofBillofLadingThebillofladingmustincludethefollowingparticulars:thegeneralnatureofthegoodsandtheleadingmarks,theapparentconditionofthegoods,carrier’snameandprincipalplaceofbusiness,shipper’sname,theconsignee(ifnamedbytheshipper),theportofloadingandthedatewhenthecarriertakesoverthegoodsattheportofloading,theportofdischarge,thenumberoforiginalsofthebilloflading,theplaceofissuanceofthebilloflading,thesignatureofthecarrierorapersonactingonhisbehalf,thefreightandsoon.23Section3ShippingDocumentsSampleB/Ls(P134-P136)24Section3ShippingDocuments4.InternationalConventionsGoverningBillofLadingThemultilateraltreatygoverningbillsofladingistheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLading,whichisknownasthe1921HagueRules.TheHagueRuleswereextensivelyrevisedin1968,andtheamended1968versionisknownastheHague-VisbyRules.ThereisalsotheUNConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySea,whichiswidelyknownasHamburgrulessignedinHamburgin1978.25Section3ShippingDocumentsCASE7-3:M.Golodetz&Co.,Inc.v.Caarnikov-RiondaCo.,Inc.(TheGalitia)FactsThesellerscontractedtoselltothebuyersbetween12,000and13,200tonsofsugar,C&FBandarshapur,Iran.Thecontractprovided,amongotherthings,thatpaymentwastobemadeagainstacompletesetofclean“onboard”billsofladingevidencingthatfreighthadbeenpaid.Afterpartoftheconsignmentofsugarhadbeenloaded,afirebrokeoutontheship,asaresultofwhich200tonsofsugarweredamagedandhadtobedischarged.Theremainderoftheconsignmentwasloadedandcarriedtoitsdestination.Thesellerstenderedtwobillsofladingtothebuyers.Thefirstwasinrespecttothe200tonsofsugarthathadbeenlostandthesecondwasinrespecttothebalanceoftheconsignment.Thefirstbillinitsprintedclausesacknowledgedshipmentofthegoodsinapparentgoodorderandcondition.Inaddition,however,itboreatypewrittennotestatingthatthecargocoveredbythebillhadbeendischargedbecauseithadbeendamagedbyfireand/orwater.Thesecondbillwastakenupandpaidforbythebuyers,butthefirstbillwasrejectedbythemonthegroundthatitwasnota“clean”billoflading.

26Section3ShippingDocumentsIssueThesellersclaimedthatthetypewrittennotedidnotpreventitbeingacleanbillofladingandthattheywereentitledtobepaidthepriceofthe200tonsofsugarthathadbeenlost.Thequestionatissueis,ofcourse,whoistostandthelossinrespectofthe200tonsofsugarwhichwasdestroyedbyorasaconsequenceofthefire?27Section3ShippingDocuments5.OtherShippingDocumentsTheothershippingdocumentsincludeseawaybill,airwaybill,road,rail,orinlandwaterwaytransportdocuments,multimodaltransportdocumentandpostreceipt.SamplesAseawaybillcoversthetransportofgoodsbysea,butitisnota“documentoftitle”andismerelyevidencethatthecarrierhastakenoverthegoodsfortransportation.Anairwaybillisanon-negotiabletransportdocumentcoveringtransportofcargobyairfromairporttoairport.Itisevidenceofreceiptofgoodsbythecarrier/forwardingagentandisnotadocumentoftitletothegoods.28Section3ShippingDocumentsRoad,rail,orinlandwaterwaytransportdocumentscovertransportofcargofromnamedpointsviatruck,railorbargetransport,whichserveasthecontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor,andevidenceofreceiptofgoodsandthedateofacceptanceforcarriagebythecarrier.Multimodaltransportdocumentmeansadocumentwhichevidencesamultimodaltransportcontract,thetakinginchargeofthegoodsbythemultimodaltransportoperator,andanundertakingbyhimtodeliverthegoodsinaccordancewiththetermsofthatcontract.Apostreceiptisadocumentissuedbythepostalserviceofacountryevidencingreceiptofgoodsfordeliverytoanamedconsignee.29Section4TermsofShipmentTermsofshipmentinasalecontractincludevarioustermsliketimeofshipment,port(orplace)ofshipmentandport(orplace)ofdestination,partialshipmentandtransshipment,shippingadvice,demurrageanddispatchmoney,andsoon.30Section4TermsofShipment1.TimeofShipmentTimeofshipmentreferstothetimelimitforloadingthecontractedgoodsonthecollectingvehicleorplacingthegoodsatthedisposalofthecarrier.2.Port(orplace)ofShipmentandPort(orplace)ofDestinationPortofshipmentistheportwheregoodsareshippedanddepart,whileportofdestinationistheportatwhichgoodsareultimatelydischarged.31Section4TermsofShipment3.PartialShipmentandTransshipmentPartialshipment(shipmentbyinstallment):AshipmentunderaLetterofCreditrepresentingonlypartofthegoodscoveredbytheLetterofCredit(refertoArticle31(b)ofUCP600).Transhipmentmeansunloadingfromonemeansofconveyanceandreloadingtoanother