生物學專業英語詞匯及生物學科基地申請書

PAGEPAGE8Botany植物學Celltheory細胞學說cellmembrane細胞膜nucleus細胞核Organelle細胞器cellwall細胞壁cytoplasm細胞質protoplast原生質體cellcycle細胞周期mitochondrion線粒體photosynthesis光合作用unitmembrane單位膜chloroplast葉綠體chlorophyll葉綠素xanthophyll葉黃素carotene胡蘿卜素golgiosome高爾基體ribosome核糖體lysosome溶酶體microfilament微絲nuclearfission核分裂reproduction繁殖primarywall初生壁secondarywall次生壁plasmodesma胞間連絲mitosis有絲分裂amitosis無絲分裂meiosis減數分裂cytokinesis胞質分裂interphase間期prophase前期metaphase中期anaphase后期telophase末期tissue組織pistil雌蕊stamen雄蕊ovary子房pollination傳粉pollentube花粉管porogamy珠孔受精chalazogamy合點受精mesogamy中部受精apomixis無融合生殖apogamy無配子生殖patrogenesis孤雄生殖parthenogensis孤雌生殖apospory無孢子生殖pericarp果皮lifehistory生活史rootsystem根系mainroot主根lateralroot側根taprootsystem直根系fibrousrootsystem須根系cortex皮層vascularcylinder維管柱pericycle中柱鞘xylemray木射線vascularray維管射線phloemray韌皮射線rootcap根冠Casparianstrip凱氏帶primaryxylem初生木質部primaryphloem初生韌皮部vascularray維管射線xylemray木射線phelloderm栓內層phloemray韌皮射線embryo胚homologousorgan同源器官analogousorgan同功器官endosperm胚乳seedcoat種皮radicle胚根plumule胚芽hypocotyl下胚軸cotyledon子葉dormancy休眠seedgermination種子萌發eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物algae藻類blue-greenalgae藍藻trichogyne受精絲mucopolysaccharide黏多糖gelatinoussheath膠質鞘exospore外生孢子heterosexualcell異性細胞greenalgae綠藻isogamy同配生殖anisogamy異配生殖anisogamy卵式生殖zygogamy接合生殖haploid單倍體diploid二倍體polyploid多倍體carposporophyte孢子體brownalgae褐藻sea-tangle海帶agar瓊脂fungi菌類parasitism寄生saprophytic腐生的lichen地衣archegonium頸卵器antheridium精子器antiphyte孢子體gametophyte配子體protonema原絲體bryophyta苔蘚植物cruciferae十字花科vascularplants微管植物aquaticplant水生植物salicaceae楊柳科angiosperm被子植物endoplasmicreticulum內質網vegetativereproduction營養繁殖intercellularlayer胞間層phellogen&corkcambium木栓形成層asexualreproduction無性繁殖sexualpropagation有性繁殖tetradynamousstamen四強雄蕊didynamousstamen二強雄蕊monodelphousstamen單體雄蕊diadelphousstamen二體雄蕊triadelphousstamen三體雄蕊polyadelphousstamens多體雄蕊synantherousstamen聚藥雄蕊primarywallcells初生壁細胞vegetativecell營養細胞malesterility雄性不育filiformapparatus絲狀器meristemzone分生區elongationzone伸長區maturationzone成熟區embryophyte有胚植物specificparasitism專性寄生specificsaprophyte專性腐生facultativeparasitism兼性寄生facultativesaprophyte兼性腐生sexualgeneration有性世代asexualgeneration無性世代Zoology動物學cell細胞prokaryoticcell原核細胞eukaryoticcell真核細胞protein蛋白質nucleicacid核酸carbohydrate糖lipid脂質protoplasm原生質inclusion內含物cellcycle細胞周期pulmonaryalveolus肺泡flagellum鞭毛foodvacuole食物泡pinocytosis胞飲作用fission裂體生殖microgamete小配子zygote合子microtubule微管contractionsilk收縮絲merogenesis卵裂blastocoele囊胚腔completecleavage完全卵裂layering分層cynapse突觸myoneme肌絲myocyte肌細胞mesoglea中膠層monoecism雌雄同體dioecism雌雄異體velum緣膜radialsymmetry輻射對稱nervenet神經網planula浮浪幼蟲bilateralsymmetry兩側對稱mesoderm中胚層tubulecell管細胞osmoregulation滲透調節acetabulum腹吸盤oralsucker口吸盤metacercaria囊蚴pseudocoel假體腔cuticle角質膜cloacalpore泄殖孔renette腺腎細emunctory排泄管restingegg休眠卵metamere體節metamerism分節現象senseorgan感覺器periostracum殼皮層prismaticlayer殼層nacreouslayer珍珠層veliger面盤幼蟲glochidium鉤介幼蟲adductor閉殼肌segmentation異律分節linearanimal線形動物pericardialcavity圍心腔cervicalvertebra頸椎sacralvertebra薦椎pulmonaryvein肺靜脈precavalvein前腔靜脈bladder氣囊middleear中耳tympanumcavity中耳腔amnion羊膜neopallium新皮層lagena瓶狀囊wishbone叉骨postcavalvein后腔靜脈glandularstomach腺胃airsac氣囊saltgland鹽腺scleroticring鞏膜骨viviparity胎生placenta胎盤allantois尿囊rumen瘤胃bursaoffabricius腔上囊masticatorystomach肌胃reticulum網胃omasum瓣胃abomasum皺胃cochlea耳蝸earthworm蚯蚓internalnaris內鼻孔amniota羊膜動物arthropod節肢動物coelenterate腔腸動物annelid環節動物cellmembrane&plasmamembrane細胞膜epithelialtissue上皮組織connectivetissue結締組織cartilagetissue軟骨組織osseoustissue骨組織musculartissue肌肉組織cardiacmuscle心肌intercalateddisc閏盤Nissl'sbody尼氏小體colony&group群體meroblasticcleavage不完全卵裂colonialtheory群體說gastrovascularcavity消化循環腔musclesystem肌肉體系excretorysystem排泄系統reproductivesystem生殖系統digestivesystem消化系統archinephricduct原腎管basallamina&basalmembrane基膜cross-fertilization異體受精self-fertilization自體受精finalhost終寄主firstintermidatehost第一中間寄主semicircularcanal半規管secondintermediatehost第二中間寄主Genetics遺傳學heredity遺傳variation變異gene基因pisumsativum豌豆segregation分離gamete生殖細胞zygote合子allele等位基因genotype基因型phenotype表現型testcross測交oryzasativa水稻diploid二倍體haploid單倍體centromere著絲粒satellite隨體linker連絲mitosis有絲分裂mesoblast中胚層spindle紡錘體interphase間期spindlefiber紡錘絲viciafaba蠶豆nucleoplasm核質spermatogenous精原細胞oogonium卵原細胞spermatid精細胞Phenocopy擬表型epistasis上位效應mutant突變型gameticlethal配子致死zygoticlethal合子致死autosome常染色體dominantlethal顯性致死carrier攜帶者homozygote純合體heterozygote雜合體genotype基因型phenotype表現型linkagegroup連鎖群interference干涉coincidence并發率geneticmap遺傳學圖wildtype野生型mutation突變heterokaryon異核體auxotroph營養缺陷型strain菌株recipient受體donor供體fragment片段induction誘導prophage原噬菌體transduction轉導Mendel’slaws孟德爾定律lawofsegregation分離定律firstfilialgeneration子一代parentalgeneration親代dominantcharacter顯性性狀recessivecharacter隱性性狀hereditarydeterminant遺傳因子parentalcombination親組合recombination重組合punnettsquare棋盤法Mendeliancharacter孟德爾性狀primaryconstriction初級縊痕secondaryconstriction次級縊痕nucleolarorganizer核仁形成區firstpolarbody第一極體secondpolarbody第二極體sisterchromatids姐妹染色單體femalegameticnucleus卵核multiplealleles復等位基因sex-chromosome性染色體sex-linkedinheritance伴性遺傳primaryconstriction初級縊痕secondaryconstriction次級縊痕complementarygene互補基因homologouschromosome同源染色體sisterchromatids姐妹染色單體secondaryoocyte次級卵母細胞three-pointtestcross三點測交primaryspermatocyte初級精母細胞secondaryspermatocyte次級精母細胞firstdivisionsegregation第一次分裂分離seconddivisionsegregation第二次分裂分離lawofindependentassortment自由組合定律Biochemistry生物化學essentialelement必需元素traceelements微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖aminoacid氨基酸primarystructure一級結構randomcoil無規卷曲structuraldomain結構域subunit亞基degeneration變性adenine腺嘌呤guanine鳥嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶nucleoside核苷nucleotide核苷酸basepairing堿基配對basepair堿基對數base堿基數gyrase旋轉酶nucleosome核小體complementaryDNA互補DNAplasmid質粒transposons轉座子repetitivesequence重復序列exon外顯子intron內含子variableloop可變環ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation復性hyperchromiceffect增色效應basestackingforce堿基堆積力annealing退火melting-outtemperature熔解溫度hypochromiceffect減色效應maltose麥芽糖sucrose蔗糖lactose乳糖starch淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose纖維素cellulase纖維素酶selectivity選擇性substrate底物holoenzyme全酶cofactor輔因子coenzyme輔酶oxidase氧化酶metabolism新陳代謝assimilation同化作用catabolism異化作用metabolite代謝產物biologicaloxidation生物氧化cytochrome細胞色素rotenone魚藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycinA抗霉素Acyanide氰化物glycolysis糖酵解ethanol乙醇citrate檸檬酸cis-aconitate順烏頭酸succinicacid琥珀酸oxaloaceticacid草酰乙酸acetyl-coenzyme乙酰輔酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylatecycle乙醛酸循環malate蘋果酸fattyacid脂肪酸carbonunit一碳單位replicon復制子coreenzyme核心酶primosome引發體Okazakifragment岡崎片段leadingchain前導鏈laggingstrand后隨鏈terminator終止子telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶replicationfork復制叉vector載體promoter啟動子terminator終止子operon操縱子codon密碼子degeneracy簡并性hormone激素citricacidcycle檸檬酸循環deamination脫氨基作用ureacycle尿素循環euchromatin常染色質messengerRNA信使RNAtransferRNA轉移RNAribosomeRNA核糖體RNAmetabolicregulation代謝調節feedbackregulation反饋調節structuralgene結構基因promotergene啟動基因operatorgene操縱基因regulatorgene調節基因terminationfactor終止因子tripletcode三聯體密碼initiatorcodon起始密碼terminationcodon終止密碼semiconservativereplication半保留復制ornithinecycle鳥氨酸循環ketogenicaminoacid生酮氨基酸glucogenicaminoacid生糖氨基酸oxidativedeamination氧化脫氨作用transamination轉氨基作用reversetranscription逆轉錄decarboxylation脫羧作用semidiscontinuousreplication半不連續復制reversetranscriptase逆轉錄酶missensemutation錯義突變synonymousmutation同義突變neutralmutation中性突變nonsensemutation無義突變phosphatidicacid磷脂酸essentialaminoacids必需氨基酸dihydrouracilloop二氫尿嘧啶環anticodonloop反密碼子環double-strandcircularDNA雙鏈環形DNAsuperhelicalDNA超螺旋DNAopencircularDNA開環DNAlinearDNA線形DNAbasestackingforce堿基堆積力secondarystructure二級結構super-secondarystructure超二級結構tertiarystructure三級結構quaternarystructure四級結構negativesupercoilDNA負超螺旋DNApositivesupercoilDNA正超螺旋DNAGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate甘油醛-3-二磷酸 glucogenicandketogenicaminoacid生糖兼生酮氨基酸restrictionendonuclease限制性內切酶polymerasechainreaction聚合酶鏈反應Microbiology微生物學livingcreatures生物culturemedium培養基lawn菌苔cultureplate培養平板bacteria細菌archaea古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物protozoan原生動物hypha菌絲mycoplasma支原體yeast酵母菌plasmolysis質壁分離EscherichiaColi大腸桿菌murein胞壁質peptidoglycan肽聚糖mucopeptide黏肽outermembrane外膜chromosome染色體nucleolus核仁nucleoid擬核chromatin染色質centromere著絲粒telomere端粒protoplast原生質體mycoplasma支原體glycoprotein糖蛋白mesosome間體cytoplasm細胞質megnetosome磁小體nucleoid擬核glycocalyx糖被capsule莢膜flagellum鞭毛lysosome溶酶體chloroplast葉綠體thylakoid類囊體inorganicsalt無機鹽peptone蛋白胨sulfurbacteria硫細菌beefextract牛肉膏vitamin維生素inclusionbody內含物lithotroph無機營養型medium培養基agar瓊脂organotroph有機營養型antiport逆向運輸activetransport主動運輸pinocytosis胞飲作用catabolism分解代謝passivetransport被動運輸uniport單向運輸anabolism合成代謝fermentation發酵batchculture分批培養logphase對數生長期stationaryphase穩定生長期lagphase遲緩期declinephase衰亡期aerobe好氧菌antibiotic抗生素antigenome反基因組transformation轉化genome基因組plasmid質粒transformingfactor轉化因子diploid二倍體haploid單倍體transposableelement轉座因子conjugation接合作用transposon轉座子phenotype表型genotype基因型auxotroph營養缺陷型wild-type野生型transition轉換transversion顛換spontaneousmutation自發突變reversemutation回復突變sexduction性導transduction轉導promoter啟動子operon操縱子recombinationrepair重組修復repressor阻遏蛋白corepressor輔阻遏物clone克隆denaturation變性annealing退火extension延伸cloningvector克隆載體replicon復制子telomere端粒cohesiveend黏性末端promoter啟動子terminator終止子genetherapy基因治療phylogeny系統發育ammonification氨化作用nitrification硝化作用denitrification反硝化作用expressionvector表達載體aerobicrespiration有氧呼吸anaerobicrespiration無氧呼吸originofreplication復制起始點incompatibility不親和性genemutation基因突變synonymousmutation同義突變chromosomalaberration染色體畸變missensemutation錯義突變frame-shiftmutation移碼突變lactoseoperon乳糖操縱子negativetranscriptioncontrol負轉錄調控tryptophanoperon色氨酸操縱子cytoplasmicinheritance細胞質遺傳geneticengineering基因工程recombinantDNAtechnology重組DNA技術palindromicstructure回文結構spreadplatemethod涂布平板法pourplatemethod傾注培養法streakplatemethod平板劃線法shaketubemethod稀釋搖管法continuousculture連續培養一機一中生物學科示范基地申報書一機一中生物學科示范基地申請表學校一機一中申報學科生物學科示范基地負責人周興盛聯系電話學科實驗基地成員名單周興盛、吳生強、胡愛琳、初紅、陳永強、周永利、李曉華本學科教學研究已有基礎一、建立、健全組織機構：推薦認真負責并有一定業務能力的老師擔任各年級教學的備課組長，形成教學研究的基本單位。二、規范管理制度1．

認真組織好全組教師對市、辦事處、校等各級各部門所發文件精神的學習與貫徹落實。2．

教研組工作有計劃，計劃實施過程中有檢查，學期結束有小結。3．

教研組工作圍繞提高教學質量的核心，積極開展各項教學研究活動。保證兩周一次的教研組活動，注重工作實效，同時關注活動后的反饋。4．

組織教師學習生物學科課程標準，關注新教材的學習，課堂實踐注重新理念的落實、新方法的探尋。5．

全組教師在個人備課的基礎上，按“三定”、“四統一”要求集體備課，不無故缺席。“三定”，即定時、定內容、定中心發言人；“四統一”，即統一要求、統一進度、統一練習、統一考核。教研組長有職責檢查各備課組的備課情況和教學情況。6．

教學實踐體現生物學科科學性與實踐性統一的特點，堅持學科領域中的德育滲透；重視聽取學生的意見，不斷改進教學。7．

全組教師能按要求上教學研究課。課前要求至少本備課組進行集體備課，課后教研組內進行評議，重在指出不足，形成切磋研究的氣氛。8．

注重教研組信息建設，按時完成各類報表。每學期都進行不少于5次的示范課，近期承擔了“標準-教學-評價”一致性的全市示范課9．

切實做好帶教工作，在常規新教師帶教的基礎上，發揮組內老教師及校外優秀師資的力量，對組內青年教師進行提高性帶教。10．全組教師認真盡責做好考試命題和監考閱卷工作，力求不出差錯。對于考試反映的學生學習情況及教師的教學情況要進行分析，做好反饋信息的調控。11.全組教師能積極探索科研活動，按時完成教科研任務。能充分運用現代化教學手段提高教學效益。研究落實生物學科拓展型課程和研究型、探究型課程的教學工作，協調組內教師根據各年級的特點，擬定課程內容、授課教師，選用合適的教學材料。三、落實教師教學基本功要求（一）基本技能與基本能力1、課程內容理解與