《簡明會計英語教程》-Unit9

Unit9Whatisinventoryaccounting?67938109.3Extendedwords9.4Notes

9.5Reinforcementexercise9.6Accounting-relatedknowledgeComparisonsbetweenvariousmethodsofinventoryaccounting9.7ExtendedreadingInventoryturnover上一頁返回Unit9Whatisinventoryaccounting?Coretermsreminder核心術語提示存貨核算存貨成本核算先進先出法后進先出法加權平均法個別識別法inventoryaccountinginventorycostingFIFOMethodLIFOMethodWeightedAverageMethodSpecificIdentificationMethod返回9.1aWhatisinventory?

Inventoryreferstostocksofanythingnecessarytodobusiness.Rawmaterials,goodsinprocessandfinishedgoodsallrepresentvariousformsofinventory.Inventoriesareconsideredcurrentassetsinthattheyusuallyaresoldwithinayearorwithinacompany’soperatingcycle.Furthermore,inventoriesmakeupthemostvaluablecurrentassetsformostbusinesses.返回9.1bWhatisinventoryaccounting?Inventoryaccountingistheprocessofdeterminingandkeepingtrackoftheinventorycosts.Inventorycostsrefertoallthecostsacompanyincurstoobtainmerchandise,includingtheactualmerchandisecostsaswellascostsofshipping,receiving,holdingandhandling.返回9.1cWhatisthepurposeofinventory

accounting?

Properinventoryaccountingenablescompaniestorepresenttheirnetincomeaccurately.Todoso,accountantsmustusetheappropriatemethodsformeasuringinventory,becauseinaccurateinventoryamountsorvaluescanmakeacompanyseemmoreprofitablethanitreallyisandcanmisrepresentacompanyinitsfinancialstatements.返回9.1dWhatarethemethodsofinventory

accounting?

Astartingpointforinventoryaccountingistodeterminethecostofmerchandisethathasbeensoldwithinagivenaccountingperiod,whichisreferredtoasthe“costofgoodssold”.However,thereareafewmethodsusedinmeasuringsuchcosts.1.SpecificIdentificationMethodIfacompanyknowsthecostofeveryindividualitemthatissold,thenitisoperatingundertheSpecificIdentificationMethod.Thismethodworkswellwhentheinventorylevelacompanyisholdingislimited,thevalueofitsinventoryitemsishigh,andeachinventoryitemisrelativelyunique.下一頁返回9.1dWhatarethemethodsofinventory

accounting?Supposearetailerbuysitsinventoryfromawholesalerandpays$3

000for300pairsofjeans.Hence,thecostperpairis$10.Ifthecostneverchanges,theninventorycostingissimple.Everypairofjeanscoststheexactsameamount.Becauseofinflationaswellasdiscountsandsales,however,pricestendtofluctuate.Forinstance,thisretailermightbuy100pairsofjeansonMondayfor$1

000($10perpair),and200pairsofjeansonFridayfor$2

150($10.75perpair).2.WeightedAverageMethodUndertheWeightedAverageMethod,acompanywoulddeterminetheweightedaveragecostoftheinventory.上一頁下一頁返回9.1dWhatarethemethodsofinventory

accounting?Intheexampleabove,theweightedaveragecostwouldbe$3

150/300pairswhichequals$10.50perpairofjeans.Therefore,everypairofjeanswouldhavetheinventorypriceof$10.50,regardlessofwhethertheywereactuallyboughtinthe$10purchaseorthe$10.75purchase.Thisweightedaveragewouldremainunchangeduntilthenextpurchaseoccurs,whichwouldresultinanewweightedaveragecosttobecalculated.3.FIFOMethodFirstinFirstOut(FIFO)isastockrotationpolicythatitemsareprocessedinorderofarrival.Aqueueimplementsthis.上一頁下一頁返回9.1dWhatarethemethodsofinventory

accounting?Therefore,theinventorythatremainsisfromthemostrecentpurchases.Soforthegivenexample,thefirst100jeansthataresoldwillreduceinventoryandincreasecostofgoodssoldatarateof$10perpair.Thenext200soldwillhaveaninventorypriceof$10.75perpair.Itisirrelevantwhethercustomersactuallybuytheolderpairsofjeansfirst.上一頁下一頁返回9.1dWhatarethemethodsofinventory

accounting?4.LIFOMethodLastinFirstOut(LIFO)isastockrotationpolicythatthemostrecentlyarriveditemsareprocessedfirst.Astackimplementsthis.UnderLIFO,theinventorythatremainsisalwaystheoldestinventory.Soforthegivenexample,thefirst200jeansthataresoldwillreduceinventoryandincreasecostofgoodssoldatarateof$10.75perpair.Again,Itdoesnotmatterifcustomersactuallybuythenewerpairofjeansfirst.上一頁返回9.2Coreaccountingterms□ costofgoodssold

售出商品成本，銷貨成本□ currentassets流動資產□ FIFOMethod先進先出法□

inventoryitem庫存品□ inventorylevel

庫存量□ inventoryaccounting存貨核算□ inventorycosting存貨成本核算□ LIFOMethod后進先出法□

operatingcycle經營周期下一頁返回9.2Coreaccountingterms□ SpecificIdentificationMethod個別識別法□

stockrotationpolicy庫存周轉策略□ themostrecentpurchases最近的進貨□

themostrecentlyarriveditem最新到的物品□WeightedAverageMethod加權平均法上一頁返回9.3Extendedwords

□ appropriatea.適當的□ determinevt.決定，確定□

discountn.折扣□ finishedgoods成品□ fluctuatevi.波動□ goodsinprocess在制品□ handlingn.搬運□ hencead.因此□ implementvt.實施，貫徹□ inflationn.通貨膨脹□ irrelevanta.不相關的□ keeptrackof跟蹤下一頁返回9.3Extendedwords□ measurevt.測量，衡量□ merchandisen.商品，貨物□ misrepresentvt.誤傳，虛報□ queuen.行列，隊列□ rawmaterial原材料□ regardlessof不管，不論□ retailern.零售商□ shippingn.發運□ stackn.堆□ startingpoint

起點□ stockn.庫存□ wholesalern.批發商上一頁返回9.4Notes

1) Inventoryreferstostocksofanythingnecessarytodobusiness.存貨是指商品交易所必需的所有庫存品。 句中necessarytodobusiness是形容詞短語后置，做定語，修飾其前的名詞短語stocksofanything。2) Inventoriesareconsideredcurrentassetsinthattheyusuallyaresoldwithinayearorwithinacompany’soperatingcycle.存貨被看做流動資產，表現在存貨通常是在一年內或在公司的一個營業周期內售出。 句中inthat意為“由于，因為，表現在……，在這一點上”。3) Inventoryaccountingistheprocessofdeterminingandkeepingtrackoftheinventorycosts.存貨核算是確定和跟蹤存貨成本的過程。 句中determing和keeping是兩個并列的V-ing形式，共同做介詞of的賓語。下一頁返回9.4Notes4) Inventorycostsrefertoallthecostsacompanyincurstoobtainmerchandise,includingtheactualmerchandisecostsaswellascostsofshipping,receiving,holdingandhandling.存貨成本是指公司為了獲得商品所發生的所有費用，包括商品本身的實際成本以及運輸成本、收貨成本、持有成本及搬運成本。 本句acompanyincurs是限定性定語從句，其前省略關系詞that,修飾名詞costs。5) …becauseinaccurateinventoryamountsorvaluescanmakeacompanyseemmoreprofitablethanitreallyisandcanmisrepresentacompanyinitsfinancialstatements.……因為不準確的存貨量和價值可以讓公司的贏利看上去超過其實際情況，并且會虛報公司的財務報表。上一頁下一頁返回9.4Notes6) Astartingpointforinventoryaccountingistodeterminethecostofmerchandisethathasbeensoldwithinagivenaccountingperiod,whichisreferredtoasthe“costofgoodssold”.存貨核算的起點就是要確定在特定會計年度內售出商品的成本，這被稱之為“售出商品成本”。 本句包含兩個定語從句，第一個是thathas…period,第二個是whichis…,前者是限定性從句，修飾名詞merchandise,后者是非限定性從句，對整個句子進行補充說明。7) Thismethodworkswellwhentheinventorylevelacompanyisholdingislimited,thevalueofitsinventoryitemsishigh,andeachinventoryitemisrelativelyunique.當一個公司所持有的存貨量有限、存貨品的價值高并且每個存貨品相對獨特時，這個方法會起作用。 句中acompanyisholding是限定性定語從句，前面省略了關系that,修飾名詞短語inventorylevel。上一頁下一頁返回9.4Notes8) Intheexampleabove,theweightedaveragecostwouldbe$3

150/300pairswhichequals$10.50perpairofjeans.在上面的例子中，該加權平均成本將是$3

150/300條，等于每條牛仔褲$10.50。 句中which引導一個非限定性定語從句，對整句內容進行補充說明。9) …regardlessofwhethertheywereactuallyboughtinthe$10purchaseorthe$10.75purchase.……不論這些牛仔褲事實上是$10進的貨還是$10.75美元進的貨。 句中whether引導一個賓語從句，做介詞of的賓語。上一頁下一頁返回9.4Notes10) Thisweightedaveragewouldremainunchangeduntilthenextpurchaseoccurs,whichwouldresultinanewweightedaveragecosttobecalculated.該加權平均成本在下一次進貨前會保持不變，這會（在下一次進貨時）產生出新計算出來的加權平均成本。 句中which引導一個非限定性定語從句，對整句內容進行補充說明。11) FirstinFirstOut(FIFO)isastockrotationpolicythatitemsareprocessedinorderofarrival.先進先出（FIFO）是物品按到貨順序進行處理的一個庫存周轉策略。 句中thatitems…不是定語從句，而是名詞policy的同位語。12) Aqueueimplementsthis.排列式就實施的是這個方法（FIFO法）。上一頁下一頁返回9.4Notes13) Therefore,theinventorythatremainsisfromthemostrecentpurchases.因此，留下來的存貨就是最近的進貨。 句中thatremains是限定性定語從句，修飾其前的名詞inventory.14) Soforthegivenexample,thefirst100jeansthataresoldwillreduceinventoryandincreasecostofgoodssoldatarateof$10perpair.所以，就所給的例子而言，售出的頭100條牛仔褲會減少庫存量并按每條$10的價格增加售貨成本。 句中thataresold是限定性定語從句，修飾其前的名詞jeans.15) Itisirrelevantwhethercustomersactuallybuytheolderpairsofjeansfirst.客戶是否實際上先購買舊牛仔褲，這點是不相關的。上一頁下一頁返回9.4Notes16) LastinFirstOut(LIFO)isastockrotationpolicythatthemostrecentlyarriveditemsareprocessedfirst.后進先出法（FIFO）是指先對最新到貨的物品進行處理的庫存周轉策略。 句中that引導一個限定性定語從句，修飾其前的名詞policy。17) UnderLIFO,theinventorythatremainsisalwaystheoldestinventory.在LIFO法中，留下來的存貨總是最舊的存貨。 句中thatremains是限定性定語從句，修飾其前的名詞inventory。上一頁下一頁返回9.4Notes18) Soforthegivenexample,thefirst200jeansthataresoldwillreduceinventoryandincreasecostofgoodssoldatarateof$10.75perpair.所以，就所給的例子而言，售出的頭200條牛仔褲會減少庫存量并按每條$10.75的價格增加售貨成本。 句中thataresold是限定性定語從句，修飾其前的名詞jeans。19) Again,itdoesnotmatterifcustomersactuallybuythenewerpairofjeansfirst.同樣，客戶是否實際上先購買新牛仔褲，這一點無關緊要。 句中if引導一個賓語從句，做動詞matter的賓語。上一頁返回9.5Reinforcementexercise1.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1) Whatisinventory?2) Whatareinventorycosts?3) Whatisinventoryaccounting?4) WhatistheSpecificIdentificationMethod?5) WhatistheWeightedAverageMethod?6) WhatistheFIFOmethod?7) WhatistheLIFOmethod?下一頁返回9.5Reinforcementexercise2.PutthefollowingintoChinese.1) inventoryaccounting2) inventorycosting3) FIFOMethod4) LIFOMethod5) WeightedAverageMethod6) SpecificIdentificationMethod7) inventory8) rawmaterial9) goodsinprocess10) finishedgoods11) currentassets12) operatingcycle13) keepingtrackoftheinventorycosts14) incurcosts15) obtainmerchandisecostsofshipping,receiving,holdingandhandling

上一頁下一頁返回9.5Reinforcementexercise3.PutthefollowingintoEnglish.1)凈收入2)衡量存貨3)虛報公司的財務報表4)確定商品成本5)在特定會計年度內6)存貨量7)存貨品8)零售商和批發商9)通貨膨脹10)折扣11)波動的價格12)庫存周轉策略13)增加銷貨成本14)減少庫存量15)最新到的物品16)最近的進貨上一頁下一頁返回9.5Reinforcementexercise4.Subjectforself-study:Aninventoryanalysischart.上一頁下一頁返回9.5ReinforcementexerciseReminder提示distributorn.庫存businessprocesses業務程序Qty=quantity數量ReorderPt再訂購跟蹤(Pt=privatetracker)safetystock安全庫存stratificationn.層化forecastingn.預測上一頁返回9.6Accounting-relatedknowledge

Comparisonsbetweenvariousmethodsof

inventoryaccounting1.月末加權平均法在計算機會計信息系統中不適用加權平均法（WeightedAverageMethod）指在月末進行一次加權平均單價（unitprice）計算，平時無法從數據庫（database）“賬簿”（books）中得到結存存貨的單價，在計算機條件下當暫估入庫進行時無法進行存貨的核算，所以月末加權平均法在計算機會計信息系統中不具有可操作性。下一頁返回9.6Accounting-relatedknowledge

Comparisonsbetweenvariousmethodsof

inventoryaccounting2.采用FIFO和LIFO方法的利與弊采用“先進先出法”（FIFO）和“后進先出法”（LIFO）這兩種方法，平時數據庫“賬簿”中有結存單價。因此當暫估存貨入庫時可以實時得到相應的入庫價格。但是，在物價變動時期，對財務的影響比較顯著。采用先進先出法，當物價上漲時，會高估（overestimate）企業當期利潤和存貨的庫存價值（stockvalue）；物價下跌時會低估（underestimate）收益和資產（incomeandassets）。采用后進先出法，結果正好相反。在物價變動的一定時期，采用某一方法對企業可能有利，但當形勢逆轉時，則會對企業有不良影響。上一頁下一頁返回9.6Accounting-relatedknowledge

Comparisonsbetweenvariousmethodsof

inventoryaccounting3.個別計價法的局限性采用個別計價法（SpecificIdentificationPricingMethod）時，平時賬簿中也可能隨時得到暫估存貨的入庫成本，可以掌握發出存貨成本和實際庫存情況（actualinventorystatus）。但這種方法要求根據采購批別，掛上標簽，分別存放，分別保管，以便發出時能夠識別是哪個批次購進的。對于普通存貨，若采用這種方法，會計核算不成問題，但倉庫部門工作量太大，倉儲、保管費用太高。個別計價法只適合于量少、價高的貴重物品。上一頁下一頁返回9.6Accounting-relatedknowledge

Comparisonsbetweenvariousmethodsof

inventoryaccounting4.移動加權平均法移動加權平均法（MovingWeightedAverageMethod）是計算機會計信息系統可采用的最優方法（optimummethod）。采用移動加權平均法，每次收入存貨后，立即根據現有存貨的總價值（totalvalue）和總數量（totalquantity）計算出新的單位成本（unitcost）。每發出一批存貨都要根據發出存貨的數量和前一次進貨時計算的平均單位成本（averageunitcost）確定發出存貨成本和結存存貨的價值，這種方法能及時提供存貨的成本資料。在手工條件下移動加權平均成本法因計算工作相當煩瑣、計算量太大而很少采用，但在計算機條件下，計算機高速計算的優勢正好彌補了這一缺陷，使移動加權平均法在實際工作中具有可操作性，并且對暫估入庫存貨的成本的確定非常有利。上一頁下一頁返回9.6Accounting-relatedknowledge

Comparisonsbetweenvariousmethodsof

inventoryaccounting通過分析可知，移動加權平均法所確定的存貨單價在一定程度上應該說是最接近暫估存貨實際單價的，而且這一方法在計算機條件下可以充分發揮其長處，克服其弱勢，移動加權平均法是計算機會計信息系統中確定暫估存貨入賬價值的最佳選擇。上一頁返回9.7Extendedreading

InventoryturnoverInaccounting,theinventoryturnoverisanequationthatmeasuresthenumberoftimesinventoryissoldorusedoverinaperiodsuchasayear.Theequationequalsthecostofgoodssolddividedbytheaverageinventory.Inventoryturnoverisalsoknownasinventoryturns,stockturn,stockturns,turns,andstockturnover.InventoryTurnoverEquation:下一頁返回9.7Extendedreading

InventoryturnoverTheformulaforinventoryturnover:ApplicationinBusinessAlowturnoverratemaypointtooverstocking,obsolescence,ordeficienciesintheproductlineormarketing