機電專業英語第2版4Unit4HeatTreatmentandHotWorkingofMetals

HeatTreatment&HotWorkingofMetalsUnit4金屬的熱處理和熱加工HeatTreatmentandWorkingEquipmentTestingBeforeClass：Whatthemeaningof“Shaping”?(radio)HeatTreatment&HotWorkingofMetals

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Unit4HeatTreatment&HotWorkingofMetals

Wecanalterthecharacteristicsofsteelinvariousways.Inthefirstplace,steelwhichcontainsverylittlecarbon,willbemilderthansteel,whichcontainsahigherpercentageofcarbon,uptothelimitofabout1.5％.Secondly,wecanheatthesteelaboveacertaincriticaltemperature,andthenallowittocoolatdifferentrates.Atthiscriticaltemperature,changesbegintotakeplaceinthemolecularstructureofthemeta1.Intheprocessknownasannealingweheatthesteelabovethecriticaltemperatureandpermitittocoolveryslowly.Thiscausesthemetaltobecomesofterthanbefore,andmucheasiertomachine.

Annealinghasasecondadvantage.Ithelpstorelieveanyinternalstresseswhichexistinthemetal.Thesestressesareliabletooccurthroughhammeringorworkingthemetal,orthroughrapidcooling.Metalwhichwecausetocoolrapidlycontractsmorerapidlyontheoutsidethanontheinside.Thisproducesunequalcontraction,whichmaygiverisetodistortionorcracking.Metalwhichcoolsslowlyislessliabletohavetheseinternalstressesthanmetal,whichcoolsquickly.Ontheotherhand,wecanmakesteelharderbyrapidcooling.Weheatitupbeyondthecriticaltemperature,andthenquenchitinwaterorsomeotherliquid.Therapidtemperaturedropfixesthestructuralchangeinthesteel,whichoccurredatthecriticaltemperature,andmakesitveryhard.Butabarofthishardenedsteelismoreliabletofracturethannormalsteel.Wethereforeheatitagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,andcoolitslowly.Thistreatmentiscalledtempering.Ithelpstorelievetheinternalstresses,andmakesthesteellessbrittlethanbefore.ThepropertiesoftemperedsteelenableUStouseitinthemanufactureoftools,whichneedafairlyhardsteel.Highcarbonsteelisharderthantemperedsteel,butitismuchmoredifficulttowork.Theseheattreatmentstakeplaceduringthevariousshapingoperations.Wecanobtainbarsandsheetsofsteelbyrolling

themetalthroughhugerollsinarollingmill.Therollpressuresmustbemuchgreaterforcoldrollingthanforhotrolling,butcoldrollingenablestheoperatorstoproducerollsofgreataccuracyanduniformity,andwithabettersurfacefinish.Othershapingoperationsincludedrawingintowire,castinginmoulds,andforging.Themechanicalworkingofmetalistheshapingofmetalineitheracoldorahotstatebysomemechanicalmeans.Thisdoesnotincludetheshapingofmetalsbymachiningorgrinding,inwhichprocessesmetalisactuallymachinedoff,nordoesitincludethecastingofmoltenmetalintosomeformbyuseofmolds.Inmechanicalworkingprocesses,themetalisshapedbypressure---acutelyforging,bending,squeezing,drawing,orshearingittoitsfinalshape.Intheseprocessesthemetalmaybeeithercoldorhotworked.Althoughnormalroomtemperaturesareordinarilyusedforcoldworkingofsteel,temperaturesuptothere-crystallizationrangearesometimesused.Hotworkingofmetalstakesplaceabovethere-crystallizationorwork—hardeningrange.Forsteel,re-crystallizationstartsaround650to700~C,althoughmosthotworkonsteelisdoneattemperaturesconsiderablyabovethisrange.Thereisnotendencyforhardeningbymechanicalworkuntilthelowerlimitofthere-crystallinerangeisreached.Somemetals,suchasleadandtin,havealowre-crystallinerangeandcanbehotworkedatroomtemperature,butmostcommercialmetalsrequiresomeheating.Alloycompositionhasagreatinfluenceupontheproperworkingrange,theusualresultbeingtoraisethere-crystallinerangetemperature.Thisrangemayalsobeincreasedbypriorcoldworking.

molecular[m?'lekj?l?]a.由分子組成的,分子的annealing[?'ni:li?]n.(低溫)退火，燜火，磨煉relieve[ri'li:v]v.解除，減輕，使不單調乏味liable['lai?bl]a.有責任的，有義務的，應受罰的，有…傾向的contract['k?n'tr?kt]v.收縮，縮緊，感染，訂約rise[raiz]v.上升，增強，起立，高聳shaping[?eipi?]n.成形，造型，塑造mechanical[mi'k?nik?l]a.機械的，呆板的，力學的machining[m?'?i:ni?]n.切肖，制造，機械加工grinding[ɡraindi?]n.磨肖力工machined[m?'?i:nd]a.機械加工的pressure['pre??]n.壓力，壓強bend[bend]v.使彎曲，使屈服，使致力，使朝向bending['bendi?]n.彎曲(度)，扭曲(度)Newwordsandphrases

squeeze[skwi:z]v.擠(壓，干)，壓榨，勒索，緊握prior['prai?]a.在先的，在前的，優先的distortion[dis't?:??n]n.變形，扭曲，曲解，失真crack[kr?k]v.&n．破裂，裂紋，打開beyond[bi'j?nd]prep.超過……的范圍,超過,越過quench[kwent?]v.&n．熄滅，[機]淬火,解渴；fix[fiks]v.&n.安裝,修理，使固定，準備tempering['temp?ri?]v.回火rolls[r?uls]n.薄板卷，泛指鋼材draw[dr?:]v.拉,畫,吸引drawing['dr?:i?]n.沖壓成形shear[?i?]v.剪斷，切斷，修剪，剝奪recrystallization[ri:,krist?lai'zei??n]n.再結晶hardening['hɑ:d?ni?]n.硬化，淬火,鍛煉crystalline['krist?lain]a.結晶的凡．結晶體influence['influ?ns]n.影響，作用Newwordsandphrases

mechanicalmeans機械設備(工具)beknownas…稱為……work—hardeningrange淬火溫度區TechnicalTerms

Thisproducesunequalcontractions，whichmaygiverisetodistortionorcracking．譯文：這將引起不均勻壓縮，增加其出現畸變和破裂的可能。說明：此句為非限定性定語從句。“Which”引導的從句時對“unequalcontractions”的進一步解釋說明。Languagepoints2.Thisdoesnotincludetheshapingofmetalsbymachiningorgrinding，inwhichprocessesmetalisactuallymachinedoff，nordoesitincludethecastingofmoltenmetalintosomeformbyuseofmolds．譯文：這既不包括金屬已經過機械或磨削加工的成形，也不包括熔化的金屬注入鑄造模所進行的成形。說明：“inwhichprocessesmetalisactuallymachinedoff”為非限定性定語從句，對前面的主句起進一步解釋說明作用。“nordoesitincludethecastingofmoltenmetalintosomeformbyuseofmolds”此句為倒裝句，由于“nor”提前，整個句子發生了部分倒裝。Languagepoints3.Thesestressesareliabletooccurthroughhammeringorworkingthemetal,orthroughrapidcooling.金屬在鍛打加工或快速冷卻時外層收縮比內層收縮速度快，極易導致內應力。beliableto:易于…的；有…傾向的；應付有責任，應遵守…(1)Athirdparty,whosefaultcausesthefuelgasaccident,shallbeliabletopaydamagesaccordingtolaw.因第三人的過錯造成燃氣事故的，第三人應當依法承擔損害賠償責任。(2)Non-complyingtrustsarealsodeemedtobeliabletotaxationonthetrust'sworldwideincome.“非照辦信托”同時也被推定為按其信托之全球收入征稅。Languagepoints4.Weheatitupbeyondthecriticaltemperature,andthenquenchitinwaterorsomeotherliquid.我們將金屬加熱到超過極限溫度，然后在水或其他液體中淬火。heatup：加熱（1）Theelectronicheatercanheatupfastandsafely.Italsofunctionsasasteamer.以電熱為燃料能源，既方便，而且加熱速度快，有蒸氣鍋爐之同功效。（2）Materialspiralingintoablackholecanheatuptomillionsofdegreesandglowbrightly.捲入黑洞中的物質，將會被加熱至數百萬度并放出耀眼的光芒。

Languagepoints5.ThepropertiesoftemperedsteelenableUStouseitinthemanufactureoftools,whichneedafairlyhardsteel.當制造的工具需要高硬度的鋼鐵時，我們可以用回火鋼。enable…to…:使…;使…能夠;能夠

(1)UsingICONcontrollingcircuit,enabletodetectthestatusofthemechanismoperation.

本機采用ICON控制回路，可偵測機械操作狀況。

(2)Thespacebetweentheinnerandouterplateisfullofheatinsulationmaterialswhichenabletoprovidetheniceperformanceofheatinsulation.內外板之間形成的空間可以填充保溫材料，能夠提供良好的保溫功能。Languagepoints6.Othershapingoperationsincludedrawingintowire,castinginmoulds,andforging.其他的塑性加工有拉絲、模鑄和鍛造。drawinginto:使卷入

(1)SMSDrawintegratesintothetargetapplicationandappearsasanewserviceinthetoolbar.短信抽獎集成到目標應用，似乎作為一種新的服務工具欄。(2)Nowthepatternrepeatwithmanualtwist,willitselfdrawintotheactivelevelofthePhotoshopdatafileandtheoriginalismaintainedagainonaseparatelevel.現在的模式重復與手工捻，本身將提請進入活躍水平的Photoshop的數據文件和原再次是保持在一個單獨的水平。

Languagepoints7.Thereisnotendencyforhardeningbymechanicalworkuntilthelowerlimitofthere-crystallinerangeisreached.在達到最低的再結晶溫度之前，機械加工的金屬沒有硬化的趨勢。tendency['tend?nsi]n.傾向，趨勢；癖好(1)Sincegravityworksequallyoneverything,therewouldbeatendencytopullthoseunevenplacesdown.由于重力作用于物體上是相等的，會有傾向于將受力不相等的地方拉平。(2)Thetendencyofmodernscienceistoreduceprooftoabsurditybycontinuallyreducingabsurditytoproof.現代科學的傾向，是不斷把謬論化為根據來使實證變得荒謬。

Languagepoints8.Alloycompositionhasagreatinfluenceupontheproperworkingrange,theusualresultbeingtoraisethere-crystallinerangetemperature.合金的成分對合適的加工范圍有極大的影響，通常會提高再結晶的溫度范圍。

have/hasinfluenceupon:有影響

(1)Thelevelofweightingratehasdirectinfluenceuponthefabricproperties.增重率的高低對織物性能有直接影響。

(2)Inthelegalsystemofterminationoflaborcontract,dismissalsystemhasgreatinfluenceuponemployee.勞動法律關系解除法律制度中，解雇制度對勞動者權益的影響尤其重大。LanguagepointsI.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Explainthewaysthatcanalterthecharacteristicsofsteel．

Inthefirstplace,steelwhichcontainsverylittlecarbon,willbemilderthansteel,whichcontainsahigherpercentageofcarbon,uptothelimitofabout1.5％.Secondly,wecanheatthesteelaboveacertaincriticaltemperature,andthenallowittocoolatdifferentrates.Ontheotherhand,wecanmakesteelharderbyrapidcooling.keyExercises

2.Whataretheadvantagesofannealing?

Intheprocessknownasannealingweheatthesteelabovethecriticaltemperatureandpermitittocoolveryslowly.Thiscausesthemetaltobecomesofterthanbefore,andmucheasiertomachine.Annealinghasasecondadvantage.Ithelpstorelieveanyinternalstresseswhichexistinthemetal.Thesestressesareliabletooccurthroughhammeringorworkingthemetal,orthroughrapidcooling.keyExercises3.Whatisthemeaningoftempering?

Weheatupthesteelbeyondthecriticaltemperature,andthenquenchitinwaterorsomeotherliquid.Therapidtemperaturedropfixesthestructuralchangeinthesteel,whichoccurredatthecriticaltemperature,andmakesitveryhard.Butabarofthishardenedsteelismoreliabletofracturethannormalsteel.Wethereforeheatitagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,andcoolitslowly.Thistreatmentiscalledtempering.keyExercises4.Whatisthetemperatureatwhichsteelstartstore-crystallize?

Forsteel,re-crystallizationstartsaround650to700~C.keyExercises

金屬的分子結構

2.不均勻壓縮3.快速冷卻4.各種塑性加工II．TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish．structureofthemeta1unequalcontractionrapidcoolingvariousshapingoperationskeykeykeykey5.金屬的機械加工6.金屬的冷熱加工mechanicalworkingofmetalcoldorhotworkingofsteelkeykeyⅡ.PutthephrasesintoEnglish:

在翻譯過程中，由于英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同，不能逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中須要轉換詞性，才能使譯文通順流暢。詞性轉譯的幾種情況如下：一、英語動詞、形容詞、副詞譯成漢語名詞1.Telecommunicationsmeanssomuchinmodernlifethatwithoutitourmodernlifewouldbeimpossible.電信在現代生活中意義重大，沒有它就不可能有我們現在的生活。

詞性轉譯Translating2.Gasesdifferfromsolidsinthattheformerhasgreatercompressibilitythanthelatter.氣體和固體的區別在于氣體的可壓縮性比固體大。3.Theinstrumentischaracterizedbyitscompactnessandportability.這個儀器的特點是結構緊湊，攜帶方便。Translating二、英語名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞譯成漢語動詞1.SubstitutionofmanualfinishingisoneexampleofHSMapplication.替代手工精加工是高速加工應用的一個例子。2.Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.科學家們深信一切物質是不滅的。3.Theapplicationofelectroniccomputersmakesforatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.使用電子計算機可以大大提高勞動生產率。Translating三、英語的名詞、副詞和動詞譯成漢語形容詞

1.Thiswaveguidetubeischieflycharacterizedbyitssimplicityofstructure.這種波導管的主要特點是結構簡單。2.Themaidenvoyageofthenewlybuiltsteamshipwasasuccess.那艘新造輪船的處女航是成功的。3.Itisafactthatnostructuralmaterialisperfectlyelastic.事實上沒有一種結構材料是十全十美的彈性體。Translating四、英語形容詞、名詞譯成漢語副詞1.Quasi-starswerediscoveredin1963asaresultofanefforttoovercometheshortcomingsofradiotelescopes.類星體是1963年發現的，是人們努力克服射電望遠鏡的缺點所取得的一項成果。2.Acontinuousincreaseinthetemperatureofagasconfinedinacontainerwillleadtoacontinuousincreaseintheinternalpressurewithinthegas.不斷提高密封容器內氣體的溫度，會使氣體的內壓力不斷增大。TranslatingSolderingandWeldingThereareanumberofmethodsofjoiningmetalarticlestogether,dependingonthetypeofmetalandthestrengthofthejointthatisrequired.1.SolderingandBrazing釬焊和焊接

金屬連接在一起的方法很多，選用哪種方法要取決于金屬的類別和所要求的接縫強度。1.軟釬焊與硬釬焊

ReadingSolderinggivesasatisfactoryjointforlightarticlesofsteel,copperorbrass,butthestrengthofsolderedjointisratherlessthanajointwhichisbrazed,rivetedorwelded.Thesemethodsofjoiningmetalarenormallyadoptedforstrongpermanentjoint.Solderingistheprocessofjoiningtwometalsbyathirdmetaltobeappliedinthemoltenstate.Solderconsistsoftinandlead,whilebismuthandcadmiumareoftenincludedtolowerthemeltingpoint.Oneofthemostimportantoperationsinsolderingisthatofcleaningsurfacestobejoined,thismaybedonebysomeacidcleaner.

軟釬焊能使薄的鋼件、銅件或黃銅件獲得合乎要求的接縫。但軟釬焊的接縫強度比硬釬焊、鉚接或焊接的接縫強度低的多，硬釬焊、鉚接或焊接等這些接合方法通常用于高強度的永久接合。軟釬焊是靠施加熔融狀態的第三中金屬使兩塊金屬連接在一起的焊接方法。焊料由錫，鉛組成，而加入鉍和鎘是為了降低焊料的熔點。釬焊的重要工序之一是將需要焊接的接縫表面洗擦干凈，這一工序可用某種酸洗液進行。

ReadingAlthoughtheoxidesareremovedbythecleaningoperation,anewoxidecoatingformsimmediatelyaftercleaning,thusispreventingthesoldertounitewiththesurfaceofthemetal.Fluxisusedtoremoveandpreventoxidationofthemetalsurfacetobesoldered,allowingthesoldertoflowfreelyandunitewiththemetal.Zinc

chlorideisthebestfluxtouseforsolderingmostferrousandnon-ferrousmetals,forsolderingaluminum

stearinacidorvase-lineistobeusedasfluxes.

雖然通過清理操作，氧化物被除去，但清洗完畢之后，會立即產生新的氧化膜，從而阻礙了焊料與金屬件表面的連接。助焊劑是用來去除氧化物和防止需要焊接的金屬表面的氧化，以使焊料能自由地流動并于金屬件連接。在釬焊大多數黑色金屬和有色金屬時氯化鋅是最好的助焊劑，釬焊鋁時，用硬脂酸和凡士林作為助焊劑。

ReadingInsomecasesitmaybenecessarytoconnectmetalsurfacesbymeansofhardzincsolderwhichfusesathightemperature.Thiskindofsolderingiscalledbrazing.2.Welding在有些情況下，用高熔點的硬鋅焊料來焊接金屬是必要的，這種釬焊稱之為硬釬焊。2)焊接

ReadingWeldingisthejoiningoftwometalpiecesbysofteningwithheatandthenpressing,hammering,offusingthemtogether.Manypartsofmachines,automobiles,airplanes,ships,bridges,andbuildingsarewelded.焊接是借助于熱量，使金屬軟化后加壓、錘鍛或使金屬熔合將兩塊金屬連接在一起的一種工藝方法。機器、汽車、飛機、船舶、橋梁及各種建筑物的許多構件都是焊接的。ReadingOxyacetyleneweldingistheheatingoftwopiecesofmetalwithaflamethatburnsamixtureofoxygenandacetylenegas.Theoxygenandacetylenegasarekeptittwoseparatesteeltanksfromwhichtheyflowtoatorch;therethetwogasesmixandthenpassintotheflame.Itisthehottestflameknownforordinaryuse;itstemperatureisabout6,300degreesFahrenheit.Theoxyacetyleneflamemaybeusedtocutironandsteel.

氧—乙炔（氣焊）用氧氣和乙炔氣混合物燃燒產生的火焰加熱兩塊金屬。氧氣和乙炔分別貯存在兩個鋼制的貯氣瓶內，由貯氣瓶流入焊炬，這兩種氣體在焊炬內混合后通向火焰。就通常使用的火焰而言，氧—乙炔是最熾熱的火焰，其溫度約6300F（3482C），氧—乙炔火焰還可用于切割鐵和鋼。

ReadingElectricoftheweldingistheheatingoftwopiecesofmetaltobeweldedbyelectricity.Thisheatisthehottestthatcanbeobtainedforengineeringpurposes;itisabout7,232degreesFahrenheit.Theendsarethusmeltedtogether,makingaweldedjoint.Spotweldingisweldingtwopiecesofmetalinspotswithelectricityandisdonewithamachinecalledspotwelder.Aforgedweldismadebysofteningtheendsoftwometalpiecesinafurnaceandthenhammeringthemtogether.電焊即電弧焊，是用電能對施焊的兩件金屬加熱。在工程方面所有獲得的最高熱量要算電弧熱量，它約為7232F（4000C），因而焊接端被熔合成焊縫。點焊是借助電能以焊點形式將兩塊金屬焊接在一起。人們采用稱作點焊機的機器來完成這一工作。鍛焊是將兩塊金屬焊接端在爐中加熱軟化,然后將它們錘擊在一起。Readingsolder['s?ld?]n.焊料，焊錫v.（錫）焊，焊接brass[brɑ:s]n.黃銅，黃銅制品braze[breiz]vt.用銅鋅合金焊接copper['k?p?]n.銅，銅幣；銅制物a銅的rivet['rivit]n.鉚釘vt.鉚，鉚接molten['m?ult?n]adj.融化的，熔融的bismuth['bizm?θ]n.鉍cadmium['k?dmi?m]n.鎘acid['?sid]n.酸adj.酸的，酸味的oxide['?ksaid]n.氧化物flux[fl?ks]n.焊劑，助焊劑oxidation[,?ksi'dei??n]n.氧化ReadingNewwordsandphraseszinc[zi?k]n.鋅chloride['kl?:raid]n.氯化物ferrous['fer?s]adj.含鐵的，鐵的aluminum[?'lju:min?m]n.鋁stearin['sti:?rin,'sti?-]n.[化]硬脂精；硬脂=stearinevaseline['v?sili:n]n.[化]石油凍；礦脂；凡士林（商品名）fuse[fju:z]v.熔（化），熔合n.保險絲，熔絲soften['s?f?n,'s?:-]v.使軟化；使柔和；變軟弱oxyacetylene[,?ksi?'setili:n,-lin]adj.[化]氧乙炔的acetylene[?'setili:n]n.[化]乙炔tank[t??k]n.(盛液體盛氣體的)大容器,槽,罐,坦克torch[t?:t?]n.火炬，火把；[機]氣炬；吹管furnace['f?:nis]n.爐子，熔爐；[冶]鼓風爐，高爐ReadingNewwordsandphrases

twoseparatesteeltanks分別兩個鋼制的儲氣瓶solderingiron焊鐵，烙鐵ferrousandnon-ferrousmetals

黑色及有色金屬ReadingNeww