美國文學課件Walt Whitman

WaltWhitman

1819-1892

Contents

LifeMajorWorksAppreciationofWorksWritingStyleInfluence

LifeAmericanpoet,essayist,andhumanist.ApartofthetransitionbetweenTranscendentalismandRealism.Thefatherofthefreeverse.

LifeBornin1819onLongIsland,NewYork.Poorandsemiliterate(半文盲的)parents,only5yearsformaleducation,largelyself–educated.Workedasofficeboy,printingworker,schoolmaster,editorandjournalist.BirthplaceofWhitman

MajorWorks銘言集亞當?shù)淖訉O菖蒲集候鳥集海流集路邊之歌桴鼓集林肯總統(tǒng)紀念集秋之溪水神圣之死的低語從正午到星夜離別之歌古稀之砂再見，我的幻想老年的回聲↗→↘

MajorWorksLeavesofGrass

草葉集SongofMyself

自我之歌ISitandLookOut

坐觀世間OCaptain,MyCaptain!

船長，我的船長WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom

當紫丁香最近在天井里開花的時光

IhearAmericaSinging

我聽見美國在歌唱

LeavesofGrassFirstpublishedin1855withonly12poemsNineeditionsaltogether:1855,1856,1860,1867,1871,1876,1881,1889,1891-92Lasteditionincludesmorethan400poemsGrass---themostcommonthingwiththegreatestvitality,asasymboloftherisingAmerican

MajorthemesExtol(贊頌)transcendentpoweroflove,brotherhood,andcomradeship(同志之誼)Expresstheidealsofdemocracyandequality.hispoemsrevelaworldofequalitywithoutrankandhierarchy(等級制度),attacktheslaveryandracialdiscrimination.Advocatetherealizationoftheindividualvalue.hecelebratesthedignityandtheself-reliantspirit.

SongofMyselfIcelebratemyself,andsingmyself.

贊美我自己，歌唱我自己。AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume.

我承擔的你也將承擔。Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.因為屬于我的原子同樣也屬于你。

“I”and“you”standforakindofpeopleorakindofthoughtEmbodytheunityofyouandme.Itemphasizesthecloseconnectionof“I”and”you”.

SongofMyselfIloafandinvitemysoul。

我邀請靈魂一道逍遙Ilean

andloafatmyeaseobservingaspearofsomegrass.

我逍遙自在的俯身下視，觀察一片夏天的青草Emphasizetheunityofbodyandsoulalliteration“grass”standsforideal,hope.Itcangrowatdifferentspace,finallyitstandsfordevelopmentespeciallythedevelopmentofhuman

SongofMyself

Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair.我的舌頭，我血液的每個原子，都來自這些泥土，這些空氣。Bornhereofparentsbornfromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame.我在這里為父母所生，我的父母也在這里為父母所生，他們的父母也是如此。I,nowthirty-sevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin，hopingtoeasenottilldeath.我現(xiàn)在37歲，身體健壯，開始起步了，但愿永不停步，一直到死。

Themeaningof“I”詩中的“我”如果從字面上理解，就會認為這說明惠特曼是一個夜郎自大的人。這樣理解不但不是作者愿意，在上下文也講不通。實際上，惠特曼所用的“我”在大多數(shù)情況下指“人類的象征，既是現(xiàn)代人的也是全人類的象征；更多的是生命力的擬人化。”這一點在第二十四節(jié)中更為明顯：

WaltWhitman,acosmos,ofManhattantheson,

沃爾特·惠特曼，一個宇宙，曼哈頓之子Turbulent,fleshy,sensual,eating,drinkingandbreeding,粗暴、肥壯、多欲，吃著、喝著、生殖著，Nosentimentalist,nostanderabovemenandwomenorapartfromthem,

不是傷感主義者不凌駕于男人和女人之上，也不脫離他們，Nomoremodestthanimmodest.也謙遜也不謙遜

Themeaningof“I”

這里既然寫著詩人的姓名，似乎指的是他本人無疑了，但也并不盡然。其中有些確實是作者的特征，如“曼哈頓之子”、“不凌駕于男人和女人之上”等；但“生殖者”可能是代替其他事物所言。因為第一行寫著他象征著“一個宇宙”，上述問題也就不難理解了。”O(jiān)Captain!MyCaptain!

O

Captain!

my

Captain!

our

fearful

trip

is

done,

The

ship

has

weathered

every

rack,

the

prize

we

sought

is

won,

The

port

is

near,

the

bells

I

hear,

the

people

all

exulting,

While

follow

eyes

the

steady

keel,

the

vessel

grim

and

daring;

But

O

heart!

heart!

heart!

O

the

bleeding

drops

of

red,

Where

on

the

deck

my

Captain

lies,

Fallen

cold

and

dead.O

Captain!

my

Captain!

rise

up

and

hear

the

bells;

Rise

up--for

you

the

flag

is

flung--for

you

the

bugle

trills,

For

you

bouquets

and

ribboned

wreaths--for

you

the

shores

accroding

For

you

they

call,

the

swaying

mass,

their

eager

faces

turning;

Here

Captain!

dear

father!

This

arm

beneath

your

head!

It

is

some

dream

that

on

the

deck

You've

fallen

cold

and

dead.My

Captain

does

not

answer,

his

lips

are

pale

and

still,

My

father

does

not

feel

my

arm,

he

has

no

pulse

nor

will,

The

ship

is

anchored

safe

and

sound,

its

voyage

closed

and

done,

From

fearful

trip

the

victor

ship

comes

in

with

object

won;

Exult

O

shores,

and

ring

O

bells!

But

I,

with

mournful

tread,

Walk

the

deck

my

Captain

lies,

Fallen

cold

and

dead.

啊，船長！我的船長！

啊，船長！我的船長！我們完成了可怕的遠航，

巨輪歷盡風雨，我們贏得追尋的獎賞；

港口已近，鐘聲傳來，一片歡呼的聲浪；

穩(wěn)健的大船，追隨的目光，多么威武雄壯；

可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！

心中的鮮血在滴滴流淌，

甲板上躺著我們的船長，

他已辭世，全身冰涼。啊，船長！我的船長！起來聽那鐘聲蕩漾；

起來，旌旗為你招展，號角為你激昂，

花團錦簇，彩帶飄飛，為你，岸邊人群熙熙嚷攘；

人們把你呼喚，萬頭攢動，他們晃動急切的面龐

啊，船長！我的船長！

在這里，船長，慈愛的父親！

你的頭下枕著我的臂膀！

那是甲板上的夢境，

你已辭世，全身冰涼。我的船長沒有回答，雙唇蒼白，沉默、安詳，

我的父親無法覺察我的手臂，他的脈搏停止了跳蕩；

可怕的征途已過，勝利歸來，

大船安全停靠，就此結束遠航；

啊，海岸歡呼，啊，鐘聲敲響！

然而，我的步履沉重悲傷，

在甲板上踱步，那里躺著我的船長，

他已辭世，全身冰涼。

Themes

Thispoemeulogizes(頌揚)Lincoln’smonumentalcontributionsandexpressthepoet’smourningforLincoln’sdeathwiththebackgroundofvictoryoftheCivilWar.

SpecialFeaturesThepoemiscomposedofthreeoctaves(八度音節(jié)),thatis,fourlonelinesandfourshortlines,thelatterbeingusedasarefrain.Themeterisiambicandtherhymingschemeisroughlyrepresentedasaabbcded.Phoneticrecurrence（重復）isthemainfeatureofthepoem,i.e.thesystematicrepetitionofwordsandphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend.OralEnglishisalsoappliedinhisfreeversetomakeitaneffectivewaytooexpressfreelythefeelingsofcommonpeople.

TheThemesinhispoetryEqualityDivinityMultiplicitySelf–reliantspiritDeath,beautyofdeathExpansionofAmericaBrotherhoodandsocialsolidarityPursuitofloveandhappiness

Whitman’WritingStyleOneofthemajorprinciplesofhistechniqueisparallelismorarhythmofthought.Anothermainprincipleisphoneticrecurrence.

Thesetwoprinciplescoordi