2015年考研英語一真題及答案解析

2015年考研英語一練習(xí)題及答案解析2015年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenomewideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhichcomparedpairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth4.While1%mayseem5,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven6theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho7ourkin.”Thestudy8foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.9,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore10it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat11usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends12than“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendsforthe“cause”!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving13thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp14whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor15factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s16tobefriendthoseofsimilarethnicbackgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento17thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.Socialscientistshavelongdebatedwhethernatureornurture18socialbehavior.Fromthegeneticsoffriendship,thestudyshowsthatbothareatwork.Thatis,bothgenesandtheenvironment19ininfluencingwhowechooseasfriends.Andthoughyoumightthinkthatfriendsarealwaysofthesamerace,thestudy20showsthatthisisnotso.1.A.whatB.whyC.howD.when2.A.defendedB.concludedC.withdrawnD.advised3.A.forB.withC.onD.by4.A.testsB.objectsC.samplesD.examples5.A.insignificantB.unexpectedC.unreliableD.incredible6.A.visitB.missC.seekD.know7.A.surpassB.influenceC.favorD.resemble8.A.againB.alsoC.insteadD.thus9.A.MeanwhileB.FurthermoreC.LikewiseD.Perhaps10.A.aboutB.toC.fromD.like11.A.driveB.observeC.confuseD.limit12.A.accordingtoB.ratherthanC.regardlessofD.alongwith13.A.fasterB.slowerC.laterD.earlier14.A.forecastB.rememberC.expressD.understand15.A.unpredictableB.contributoryC.controllableD.disruptive16.A.tendencyB.decisionC.arrangementD.endeavor17.A.seeB.showC.proveD.tell18.A.shapeB.employC.affectD.reflect19.A.makesenseB.fallapartC.comeinD.putforward20.A.yetB.stillC.insteadD.indeedSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirbeds.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuroelectionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs’continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarchinfestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanoncontroversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshavedayjobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwellbred)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteinlifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice—asnoncontroversialandnonpoliticalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainA.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.C.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.D.endedhisreigninembarrassment.22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostlyA.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.C.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?A.Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.B.Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.D.Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlesA.takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues.B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceofEuropeanMonarchsB.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneC.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanRoyalsD.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsText2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernible,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargument.Thestate’scasehingesontheclaimthatexploringthecontentsofamobilephoneissimilartosiftingthroughasuspect’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon’tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthepurseofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’smobilephoneisnotlikerummagingthroughone’spurse.Amobilephonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcountlessothersensitiveinformation.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing”,meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeoflinedrawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.Theycouldstilltrumpsuspects’privacyrightsiftherewerecompellingreasons—suchasathreattopublicsafety.Thejustices,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetorespondtoemergencieswithouthavingtocheckwithajudgefirst.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.NewtechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionofdigitalinformationtodaywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseintheearly20thcentury.Whenthegovernmentbeganregulatingautomobileuse,theConstitutionhadnotdirectlyaddressedthenewsubjectoftrafficregulation.Similarly,thejusticescandrawonourexperiencewithautomobilestocraftnewrulesforthedigitalage.26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatetoA.searchforsuspects’mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.B.checksuspects’phonecontentswithoutawarrant.C.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.D.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneofA.tolerance.B.indifference.C.disapproval.D.cautiousness.28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’smobilephonecontentsiscomparabletoA.gettingintoone’sresidence.B.handlingone’shistoricalrecords.C.scanningone’scorrespondences.D.goingthroughone’swallet.29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatA.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.C.citizens’privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.30.OrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethatA.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.C.California’sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.D.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeerreviewprocess,editorinchiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”McNuttsays.“Weareaddinganextralayerofstatisticalreviewtoensurethatreaderscantrustthedataandtheconclusionsdrawnfromthem.”Addedtothetraditionalpeerreview,thenewpolicywillincludeanextraroundofstatisticalchecksbeforeapaperisaccepted.Thisstepwillbecarriedoutbyanewlyformedteamofstatisticians,whowillworkwitheditorsandauthorstoensurethatpapersarefreeofstatisticalerrors.ThemovefollowsayearlonginvestigationintothereproducibilityofresearchpublishedinScienceandotherhighimpactjournals.Theinvestigationfoundthattheproportionofpaperswithreproducibilityissueswashigherthanexpected,especiallyinthefieldsofbiologyandpsychology.McNuttsaysthatthenewpolicyisnotakneejerkreactiontotheinvestigation.Instead,itisalongtermefforttoimprovethequalityofresearchpublishedinthejournal.“WearecommittedtomakingScienceamorereliablesourceofinformation,”shesays.Thenewpolicyislikelytohaveasignificantimpactonthescientificcommunity.Manyresearchersrelyonstatisticalanalysistodrawconclusionsfromtheirdata.Ifthenewpolicyissuccessful,itcouldhelptoreducethenumberofpaperswithstatisticalerrorsandimprovetheoverallqualityofresearch.However,someresearchersareconcernedthatthenewpolicymayslowdownthepublicationprocess.Theyarguethattheextraroundofstatisticalcheckswilladdanadditionalburdentothealreadytimeconsumingpeerreviewprocess.McNuttacknowledgestheseconcernsbutsaysthatthebenefitsofthenewpolicyoutweighthecosts.“Webelievethattheextraeffortwillleadtomorereliableresearchandultimatelybenefitthescientificcommunityasawhole,”shesays.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1thatA.Scienceisaddingastatisticalchecktoitspeerreviewprocess.B.otherjournalsarefollowingScience’sexampleinstatisticalchecks.C.dataanalysismistakesarewidespreadinpublishedresearch.D.theirreproducibilityofresearchfindingsisamajorconcern.32.ThenewpolicywillA.addtothetraditionalpeerreview.B.involveanextraroundofstatisticalchecksafterapaperisaccepted.C.becarriedoutbytheeditorsandauthors.D.eliminatestatisticalerrorsinpapers.33.TheinvestigationintoresearchreproducibilityinhighimpactjournalsfoundthatA.theproportionofpaperswithreproducibilityissueswaslowerthanexpected.B.reproducibilityissuesweremoresevereinthefieldsofbiologyandpsychology.C.fewpapershadreproducibilityissuesinhighimpactjournals.D.reproducibilityissuesweremorecommoninhighimpactjournalsthaninotherjournals.34.SomeresearchersareconcernedthatthenewpolicymayA.increasetheworkloadofpeerreviewers.B.slowdownthepublicationprocess.C.reducethenumberofpaperspublished.D.weakentheroleofpeerreview.35.McNuttbelievesthatthenewpolicyA.willhaveanegligibleimpactonthescientificcommunity.B.willleadtomorereliableresearchatacost.C.isakneejerkreactiontotheinvestigation.D.isashorttermefforttoimproveresearchquality.Text4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortofworth”thatmatteredwastheprofitandmarketvalue.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,