教學材料《學術寫作》-Unit 7 Conclusion

7.1GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusion7.1.1SummingUpSummingupislikelytobeapartwithitsmainfunctionofsummarizingthechiefpiecesofpurefacts,dataandinformationinthepaper,whereformalconclusionsorrecommendationsusuallyhavenoplace.Ifyouincludeasummary,makecertain①thatyouactuallysummarize,withdueemphasis,theprincipalitemsofinformationinthemainbodyofthepaperand②thatyouincludeonlymaterialthatappearedearlierinanexpandedform.下一頁返回7.1GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusion7.1.2StatementsofConclusionsConclusionsareconvictionsbasedonevidence.Ifyoustateconclusions,makecertain①thattheyfollowlogicallyfromthedatapresentedactuallyinthemainbodyofthepaperand②thattheyagreewithwhateveryoumayhavepromisedtotestifyintheintroduction.上一頁下一頁返回7.1GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusion7.1.3StatementsofRecommendationsRecommendations,atleastformalones,appearlessfrequentlyinprofessionalpapersthanin,say,technicalreports.Ifyouincluderecommendations,besurethattheyfollowlogicallyfromthedataandconclusionspresentedearlier,上一頁下一頁返回7.1GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusionanddonotdangleasproposalsthatyouthinkaregoodbutforwhichyouhavegivennosupportingevidence,andthat,aswithconclusions,theyshouldneverclashwithwhatyoumayhaveexpectedtodoinyourintroduction.7.1.4GracefulTerminationsGracefulterminationsareachievedwhenallthematerialsoftheconclusionaresmoothlywoventogetherandsatisfactorilyroundoffthewhole.上一頁返回7.2RequirementsforWritinga

ConclusionThefollowingarethepointsforattentioninpreparingthesectionofaconclusion:(1)Becarefulnottodrawconclusionsfromdatainvolvingerrorsofobservation,errorsinarithmetic,compensatingerrors,systematicandpersonalerrors.(2)Donotusemathematicalformulaswithoutclearlyunderstandingoftheirderivationsandalltheassumptionsinvolved.下一頁返回7.2RequirementsforWritinga

Conclusion(3)Becautiousincomparingconclusionsbaseduponexperimentsinwhichtheinfluentialconditionshavebeenimproperlycontrolled,andthereforenotduplicated.(4)Avoidconfusingfactswithopinionsofinfluences,notonlyintheinvestigationitselfbutalsoinpreparingresultsforpublication.(5)Donotdrawaconclusionfromtoofewdata,ortoobroadaconclusionthatisbasedonextrapolatedcurves.上一頁下一頁返回7.2RequirementsforWritinga

Conclusion(6)Guardagainstfailingtoqualifyaconclusion,inordertoshowthelimitswithinwhichitapplies,orthevariationwhichistobeexpected.(7)Whenyouindulgeinaspeculation,besuretoremindyourreaderstoknowthatitremainsaspeculation.上一頁返回7.3SomeUsefulExpressionsinWritingaConclusionUsefulexpressionsfrequentlyusedinwritingconclusionsarelistedbelow:(1)Onthebasisof...,thefollowingconclusioncanbemade...(2)From...,wenowconclude...(3)Tosumup,wehaverevealed...(4)Wehavedemonstratedinthispaper...(5)Theresultsoftheexperimentindicate...(6)Inconclusion,theresultshows...(7)Wehavedescribed...,wefound...下一頁返回7.3SomeUsefulExpressionsinWritingaConclusion(8)Ourargumentproceedsin...(9)Theresearchworkhasbroughtaboutadiscoveryof...(10)Finally,asummaryisgivenof...(11)Thesefindingsoftheresearchhaveledtheauthortotheconclusionthat...(12)Theresearchhasresultedinasolutionof...上一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness

“Concise,”asdefinedinWebsterdictionary,means“brieftothepoint;containingfewwords;employingasfewwordsaspossible.”Concisenessinprofessionalpapersmeanseconomyofwordsandspacebutaccuracyandeffectivenessinstatingthings.Effectivewritingshouldbeconcise,andshouldnotcontainexcessivewords,noredundantsentencesorparagraphs.Itcanbeachievedbydeletingunnecessarywordsandarrangingtheremainingwordsinanactiveorder.Tobemoreexact,concisenesscanbeachievedby:①usingreplacementofattributes;②usingadverbs;③usingnouns;④usingadjectives;⑤usingprepositionalphrases;⑥usingellipticalforms;⑦usingtechnicalterms;返回下一頁SpecialAttention:Conciseness⑧usingcontractedwordsand⑨deletingredundantexpressions.Let’sdealwiththemonebyonewithrespectiveexamples.1.?Using?Non-finite?forms?of?the?verbAfullsentence:InadditiontobankloanintheEurodollarmarket,BellSouthcanconsiderthatthecompanyusesadomesticloan.Aconcisesentence:InadditiontobankloanintheEurodollarmarket,BellSouthcanconsiderusingadomesticloan.(Gerund)Afullsentence:Theresearchthatisnowbeingcarriedoutintheareaisextensiveandmeaningful.下一頁返回上一頁SpecialAttention:ConcisenessAconcisesentence:Theresearchnowbeingcarriedoutintheareaisextensiveandmeaningful.(Participialphrase)Afullsentence:Ifyoulookcarefully,youwilldiscoverevenmorewaystoshortenthesentenceswithoutchangingtheirmeanings.Aconcisesentence:Lookingcarefully,youwilldiscoverevenmorewaystoshortenthesentenceswithoutchangingtheirmeanings.(Participialphrase)上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:ConcisenessAfullsentence:Inourexperiment,weusedanumberofprobes.Thereasonforthatwastoeliminatetheproblemsanderrorsassociatedwithwetchemicalanalysis.Aconcisesentence:Inourexperiment,weusedanumberofprobessoastoeliminatetheproblemsanderrorsassociatedwithwetchemicalanalysis.(Infinitivephrase)上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:ConcisenessAfullsentence:Theclassification/predictionphaseisresponsiblefordeterminingtheactionstobeperformedonnewdocuments.Aconcisesentence:Theclassification/predictionphasedetermineshowtoprocessnewdocuments.(Infinitivephrase)2.?Using?Adverbs?Afullsentence:ItisadmittedthatourinstituteisoneofthelargestfusionresearchcentersinChina.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:ConcisenessAconcisesentence:OurinstituteisadmittedlyoneofthelargestfusionresearchcentersinChina.3.?Using?Replacement?of?Attributes(1)Theprecisionoftheexperimentwasaffectedbythenoiseoftheenginenearby.→Theexperimentalprecisionwasaffectedbythenearbyenginenoise.(2)thetransmissionofthedataofthenetwork→thenetworkdatatransmission上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness4.?Using?Nouns?or?Noun?Phrases(1)Thedensityofwaterat40℃isthegreatest.→Waterhasitsgreatestdensityat40℃.(usingnounsinsteadofphrases)(2)Whathehasinvestigatedinthelaboratoryisencouraging.→Hisinvestigationinthelaboratoryisencouraging.(usingnounsinsteadofclauses)上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness(3)Duetothefactthatthedirectmeasurementsoftheradialcurrentdistributioncannotbeperformedatpresent,itisthereforecomplicatedtodescribeinadetailedwaythecurrentbuildupperiodforlargemachineslikeours.→Thedetaileddescriptionofthecurrentbuild-upperiodforlargemachineslikeoursiscomplicatedduetothelackofdirectmeasurementsoftheradialcurrentdistribution.(usingnounsinsteadofclauses)上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness5.?Using?Verbs(1)Bywayofpipinglines,thecrudeoilistransmittedfromthewelltotherefinery.→Thecrudeoilispipedfromthewelltotherefinery.(usingtheverbformofthenoun)(2)Theanalysisofthismethodwillbeundertakeninthefollowingsections.→Thismethodwillbeanalyzedinthefollowingsections.(usingtheverbformofthenoun)上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness6.?Using?Adjectives(1)Heshuthimselfupreadinganddidnotknowwhatwashappeningoutside.→Heshuthimselfupreading,unawareofwhatwashappeningoutside.(2)Ourrectifierisduebytheendofthisyear,butitsoperationisduebynextyear.→Ourrectifierisduebytheendofthisyear,tobeoperationalnextyear.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness7.?Using?Prepositional?Phrases(1)Theintroductionofthesesubjectstothescientificcurriculumhasbeenhamperedbecausetherearefewqualifiedteachers.→Theintroductionofthesesubjectstothescientificcurriculumhasbeenhamperedbyascarcity?of?qualified?teachers.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness(2)Becausetheweightoftheropeandthesandwaslost,theballoonrosesuddenlyintothesky.→Withouttheweightoftheropeandthesand,theballoonrosesuddenlyintothesky.(usingaprepositionalphraseinsteadofanadverbialclauseofcause)(3)MiniaturizationofelectronicdeviceswouldbeimpossibleifISIhadnotbeeninvented.→ButfortheinventionofISI,miniaturizationofelectronicdeviceswouldbeimpossible.(usingaprepositionalphraseinsteadofanadverbialclauseofcondition)上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness8.?Using?Elliptical?Forms?Incoordinatedclauses,ifthesamewordsorexpressionsappearinbothclauses,thesamepartinthelatterclausecanbeomittedtoachieveconciseness.(1)Withlubricationthefrictionisreducedandthelifeofthemachineisprolonged.→Withlubricationthefrictionisreducedandthelifeofthemachineprolonged.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness(2)Somemotionsappeartobeverysimple,othersappearverycomplicated.→Somemotionsappeartobeverysimple,othersverycomplicated.(3)Heatenergycanbeconvertedintomechanicalenergy,andviceversa,mechanicalenergycanbeconvertedintoelectricalenergy.→Heatenergycanbeconvertedintomechanicalenergy,andviceversa,mechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness9.?Using?Technical?Terms(1)Inassemblingasteeltower,wehaveadoptedanewapproach,whichisjustthecontraryoftheconventionalmethod—firstthemainlegandthenthecross-arm.→Wehaveadoptedanew“head-to-foot”approachtoassemblethesteeltower.(2)Teachertrainingprogramstypicallyspendagreatdealoftimeinacquaintingprospectiveteacherswithhowtoteach.→Teachertrainingprogramsusuallytakeagreatdealoftimeacquaintingprospectiveteacherswithmethodology.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness10.?Using?Contracted?Words?(1)TheresearchnowbeingcarriedoutinourlaboratoryisfinanciallyassistedbytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.→TheresearchnowbeingcarriedoutinourlaboratoryisfinanciallyassistedbytheUNESCO.(2)Wehaveobtainedthedatafromtheearthresourcestechnologysatellite.→WehaveobtainedthedatafromERTS.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness11.?Deleting?Redundant?Expressions(1)Thetimeforlearningisthetimeofyouth.→Youthisthetimeforlearning.(2)Theteachercancontinuetomonitortheentireclassatthesametimethatheorsheisworkingwithasmallgroup.→Theteachercancontinuemonitoringtheentireclasswhileworkingwithasmallgroup.上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:Conciseness(3)Asfarasthestudygoeson,theresulttendstoshowanapproximaterelationshipbetweengrowthrateanddietaryintake.→Theresultshowsaweakrelationshipbetweengrowthrateanddietaryintake.Some?sentence?patterns?can?also?be?simplified.Forexample,?上一頁下一頁返回SpecialAttention:ConcisenessItisapparentthereforethatHenceIt’sevidentthatEvidentlyItwouldappearthatApparentlyItisclearthatClearlyItwouldthusseemthatSeeminglyThereisnodoubtthatUndoubtedlyAdditionally,insomesubjectclausessuchas“Ithasbeenprovedthat...”;“Itwasconcludedthat...”;“Itcanbeseenthat...”etc.,concisenesscanbeachievedbyturningthemintosimplesentences.SpecialAttention:ConcisenessInadverbialclausesoftime,condition,concession,etc.,with“tobe”aspartofthepredica