美國研究生課程-工作激勵-Stress2

StressPartIIApril17,2014StressandCPWBStressorsfromtheWorkEnvironmentIncreasedPerceptionsofStressIncreasedNegativeEmotionsIncreasedCounterproductiveWorkBehaviorsStressorEmotionModel(Spector&Fox,2005)PsychologicalConsequencesBurnoutistheextremestateofpsychologicalstrainresultingfromaprolongedresponsetochronicjobstressorsthatexceedanindividual’sresourcestocopeModeratedbyperceptionsofFairness:IndividualsdisplayingwarningsignsofburnoutwithlowperceptionsoffairnessmuchmorelikelytoexperienceburnoutthatindividualsdisplayingwarningsignsofburnoutwithhighperceptionsoffairnessInterventionswork!PhysiologicalConsequencesStressfulsituationscauseanoveractivationofthesympatheticnervesystem,producingstresshormonesThisleadstoanincreaseinheartrateandcardiacoutputThiscaninitiallybebeneficialintermsofphysicalperformance,judgment,anddecisionmaking,butoverthelongtermisbad.ThreemaintypesofphysiologicalconsequencesCardiovascularGastrointestinalBiochemicalKarasek’sDemand-ControlModelofStressPsychologicalDemandsControlLowHighLow“Passive”Job“HighStrain”JobHigh“LowStrain”Job“Active”JobTwomainfactorsproducestress:JobDemands:workloadorintellectualrequirementsofthejobJobControl:CombinationofautonomyanddiscretionforusingdifferentskillsGansteretal(2001)foundthathighstrainnurseswereillmorefrequentlyandhadmuchhighercumulativehealthcarecostsover5yearsPerson-EnvironmentFitThefitbetweenapersonandtheirenvironmentdeterminestheamountofstressthatpersonperceivesThisoccurswhenaperson’sskillsandabilitiesmatchtherequirementsofthejobandworkenvironmentFrenchetal(1982)foundthatemployeeswithpoorfithavesignificantlyhigherlevelsofstrainThisisparticularlyharmfulforlowperformingemployees,whothenexperiencehigherlevelsofdepressionandphysicalhealthproblemsthanhighperforminglowfitemployees(Shaw&Gupta,2004)IndividualDifferencesIndividualdifferencesmoderatetherelationshipbetweenstressandsubsequentstrainLocusofcontrolInternalv.ExternalHardinessFeelincontroloftheirlivesFeelasenseofcommitmentSeeunexpectedchangeasachallengeSelfEsteemImportantresourceforcopingIndividualDifferencesType-ABehaviorPattern:SetofcharacteristicsexhibitedbyindividualswhoareengagedinachronicstruggletoobtainandunlimitednumberofpoorlydefinedthingsfromtheirenvironmentintheshortestperiodoftimeHostilityAchievementStrivingImpatience/IrritabilityTimeUrgencyTypeABehaviorPatternsAchievementStriving:thetendencytobeactiveandtoworkhardinachievingone’sgoalsImpatience/Irritability:reflectsintoleranceandfrustrationresultingfromslowingdownTimeUrgency:ThefeelingofbeingpressuredbyinadequatetimeReducingStressProblem-focusedCoping:copingdirectedatmanagingoralteringaproblemcausingthestressEmotion-focusedCoping:copingdirectedatreducingtheemotionalresponsetoaproblembyavoiding,minimizingordistancingtheselffromtheproblemStressManagementInterventionsPrimaryPrevention:StressorRelatedScope:PreventativeTarget:

Alterworkenvironments,technologies,ororgstructuresUnderlyingAssumption:themosteffectivestressmanagementisremovingstressorsExamples:JobRedesign,CognitiveRestructuringSecondaryInterventions:Response-DirectedScope:Preventative/reactiveTarget:

IndividualUnderlyingAssumption:Maynotbeabletoremoveorreducestressors–focusontheindividuals’reactionsExamples:Relaxationandstressmanagementtraining,biofeedbackTertiaryInterventions:Symptom-DirectedScope:TreatmentTarget:

IndividualUnderlyingAssumption:FocusontreatmentofproblemsoncetheyhaveoccurredExamples:Employeeassistanceprograms,medicalcarePrimaryPreventionJobDesignDesignjobstoreducestressorssuchasnoise,interruptions,timepressure,roleambiguity,andnumberofhoursworkedCognitiveRestructuring:FocusesonchangingperceptionsandthoughtprocessesthatleadtostressEncouragesindividualstochangenegativethoughtsintopositiveonesSecondaryInterventionsStressManagementTraining:aprogramthathelpsemployeesdealwithworkplacestressorsthataredifficulttoremoveorchangeCognitiveBehavioralSkillsTrainingStressInoculation:commonformofstressmanagementtrainingthatcombinesprimaryandsecondarypreventionstrategiesRelaxationandBiofeedbackTechniquesProgressivemusclerelaxationiswhentheindividualtightens,thenrelaxesdifferentmusclegroupsprogressively,relaxingtheentirebodyBiofeedbackteachestheindividualtocontrolcertainbodyfunctions,suchasheartrate,bloodpressure,etcSecondaryInterventionsSocialSupport:thecomfort,assistance,orinformationanindividualreceivesthroughformalorinformalcontactswithindividualsorgroupsInstrumentalEmotionalInformationalAppraisalSocialsupportactsasabufferTertiaryInterventionsEmployeeAssistancePrograms:Counselingprovidedbyorganizationstodealwithworkplacestress,alcoholordrugdifficulties,andproblemsstemmingfromoutsidethejobForanEAPtobesuccessful,itmustbesupportedbymanagement,ma