外文翻譯--重型車主減速器

附 錄 A Truck Main Reduction Gear The imported technology in steyr 1970s at international level of the early 80s. For the imported technology, steyr heavy CARDS industry of China was up the vacancy of Chinese heavy vehicles, steyr technology group began to absorb, fusion, localization, independent research and development and innovation, etc. In 1986, sinotruk technology development center, successively established after three drawings, organizational culture the digestion and absorption and understood. These drawings of cultural production plan and guarantee the requirements of vehicle, batch steyr technology to quickly radiation of 10 provinces in light of the relevant scientific research units, and will play in domestic advanced steyr heavy-duty vehicle product platform. Since the 1970s, however, since in almost all other automotive supplier technology,s GKN fundamentally changed its way, in order to adapt to the current conditions, they in the 1980s and 1990s production purpose is to provide complete installation, including the wheel brake, and all of the design and integration, specific design, as well as the car market. For off-road operation, the duty cycles may be entirely different in both torsional and beam loading-denpending on the application. For example, some types of vehicle spend a considerable proportion of their running time at high torque in low gear. In most circumstances, the terrain may be such that the tyres tend to slip more readily than on tarmac； in others, however, for example in fairly firm sandy screes, it may allow tyres to bite into it, and thus lead to torsional fatigue loading significantly greater than on smooth roads. Vertical and lateral loading, too, may be much more severe, though this dose depend to a major extent on speeds. Shock loading can also affect braking and acceleration torques though, again, such effects are speed-dependent. Heavy and general reducer industry products categories include all kinds of gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, the worm and alizarin also includes a special device, such as the growth of devices, including meat device, and flexible transmission device of various composite transmission device etc. Product service involved in metallurgy, non-ferrous, coal, building materials, ship, water conservancy, electric power, engineering machinery and petrochemical industries. Heavy and general reducer industry manufacturers also coexist in various forms, such as foreign enterprises, sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned enterprises, share-holding enterprise and individual enterprise, has large scale to hundreds of millions of yuan, annual small to millions of dollars. Good living conditions, and the product quality control system, perfect the enterprise has more than 100, and the whole industry 2005 sales of approximately 200 million yuan, the sales of foreign-funded enterprises accounted for about one fourth. Domestic reducer of key enterprises industry products, specifications and parameters are covered in recent years, the product quality has reached international advanced level, industrial countries similar products can undertake for national economic sectors provides complete responsibility of transmission device, part of our products are exported to Europe and southeast Asia. The speed reducer is used to reduce the speed increases from transmission torque, and rotating torque changes direction, the differential transmission to half axle. The main reducer is mainly based on structure form, reducer gear types and different forms. The main gear reducer of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gear, cylindrical gears and worm and worm wheel etc . Pair of level host reduction gear is compared with single stage , the gap may be 7 12 transmission ratio , i0 each other at the same time in swear to be away from a field 12. But the dimension , mass are without exception bigger , cost is higher. It applies to middle, heavy type freight train , go-anywhere vehicle and motor bus mainly go ahead. Dyadic overall pair of level host reduction gear has the various structure scheme: First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is a column gear wheel； First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is epicyclic gear； First order is epicyclic gear , the second stage is a cone gear wheel； First order is a column gear wheel , the second stage is a cone gear wheel. Horizontal , askew, face and droop over to the three kinds to first order for the cone gear wheel , the second stage are that pair of column gear wheel level betokens reduction gear, but has direction arrangement scheme. Direction level arrangement can use the assembly drooping over to outline dimension diminution , reducing the automobile quality heart altitude thereby, makes the direction dimension increase by but , that the use on long distance between shafts automobile but appropriate diminution transmission shaft length, is harmful for short distance between shafts automobiles to put arrangement together but, may make a transmission shaft short , leads to a universal transmission shaft intersection angle enlarge. Droop over to arranging a messenger to drive the bridge direction dimension diminution, may diminish a universal transmission shaft intersection angle, since but host reduction gear shell fixes superjacent in bridge shell , make not only droop over enhance to outline dimension, and have reduced bridge shell stiffness , have been harmful for gear wheel to work. This arrangement but easy to be versed in style driving a bridge arrangement. Arranging bridge shell stiffness and improving to the transmission shaft is slanting to arrangement advantageous. When assigning a transmission ratio in pair of level host reduction gear having the cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, the column gear wheel is 1.4 like the ratio auxiliary and boring subsidiary gear wheel transmission ratio 2.0, and the cone gear wheel is 1.7 like subsidiary transmission ratio 3.3, such axial loading may diminish a cone when the gear wheel is engaged and effect loading on the driven cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, may make the active cone gear wheel tooth number appropriate increasing by at the same time , make whose supporting axis neck dimension appropriate enlarge, To improve whose supporting stiffness, improve falling-in stationarity and the job reliability. For modern axles, choice of gear lubricant can be critical. In cars operating at high speeds on motorways, axle oil temperature can ultimately rise even higher than 130 ,so venting of the casing is important. In principle, the oil in the base of the casting is swept around over the crownwheel and then forwards through the two bearings that carry the pinion. Consequently, both the shapes and dimensions of the clearances between the crownwheel and casing can be critical, and adequate drainage has to be provided for the oil to flow, through channels cored in the pinion bearing housings, back to the base of the casing. Within the gear carrier unit, taper roller bearings are employed almost universally for carrying the input pinion. They have a large load capacity within a small envelope, and can be preloaded for accurate and stable positioning of the gears. For pinion flange seals where resistance to high temperatures at relatively high speeds is essential, polyarcylate may be specified, but the abrasive conditions Viton is generally preferred. That the cone gear wheel tooth goes over width face to face can not enhance gear wheel intensity and life-span , is able to lead to tooth ditch unexpected turn of events small end because of cone gear wheel gear teeth on the contrary narrow the cutting knife the top of the head face width arousing is too narrow and the point of a knife round angle is too small. Like this , not only, have diminished the tooth radical circle radius , have enlarged strain all together, life time having reduced a cutter. Besides , when assembling, have location deviation or wait for cause since fabrication , heat treatment are deformable, loading concentrates minor in gear teeth end when making a gear wheel work , is able to arouse gear teeth holding untimely damage and weary loss for a short time. That besides, the tooth goes over width face to face also is able to arouse assembling space diminution. The flank of a tooth is too narrow but , the gear teeth outside abrasion resistance meeting reduces. For the running-in improving the new gear wheel, prevent the person from dying in working to Model T wear appear on initial stage , bruising , gluing together or barking, cone gear wheel bonderizing being 0.005 0.020 mm in heat treatment a nd finish machining aftercrop, thickness handles or the copper facing , the tin plating handle. The ball carrying out strain on the flank of a tooth gushing is sold at reduced prices , may improve 25%s gear wheel life-span. To the high speed gear wheel sliding, may be in progress a sulfur oozing handling to improve abrasion resistance. Rub a factor but notable sulfur queen lessening oozes, even if lubricating condition is relatively poor , also, can prevent the flank of a tooth bruise from facing , barks to die and glue together. 附 錄 B 重型車主減速器 我國引進的斯太爾技術在當時處于國際 20 世紀 70 年代末 80 年代初的水平。斯太爾技術的引進，為當時的中國重卡行業彌補了空缺，隨后原中國重型汽車集團開始對斯太爾技術進行吸收、融合、國產化、自主研發和創新等各個階段。 1986 年 中國重汽 技術發展中心成立后，先后組織了 3 次圖紙、明細表的消化吸收和中文化工作。這些圖紙的中文化保證了按計劃組織生產和批量出車的要求，使斯太爾技術很快輻射到全國 10 多個省市的載重車生產廠和相關科研單位，并將斯太爾打造成國內先進的重型車產品平臺。然而自二十世紀七十年代以來，在幾乎所有其他汽車行業供應商的技術里， GKN 從根本上改變了它的辦法，以適應當前的條件，他們在二十世紀八十年代和九十年代的生產目的是提供完整的輪軸安裝，其中包括，剎車、所有的設計和整合、具體的汽車設計，以及為專業市場特別設計的。 斯太爾重型汽車主減速器，由于它的主傳動比比較大，故選用雙級主減速器，雙級減速器具有降低轉速 ,增大扭矩的特點 ,在保證離地間隙相同時可得到很大的傳動比，并且還擁有結構緊湊，噪聲小，使用壽命長等優點。雙級主減速器與單級相比，在保證離地間隙相同時可得到大的傳動比，但是尺寸、質量均較大，成本較高。 重型及通用減速器行業涉及的產品類別包括了各類齒輪減速器、行星齒輪茜素其及蝸桿減速器，也包括了各種專用傳動裝置，如增速裝置、條素裝置、以及包括柔性傳動裝置在內的各類復合傳動裝置等。產品服務領域涉及冶金、有色、煤炭、建材、 船舶、水利、電力、工程機械及石化等行業。重型及通用減速器行業的生產廠家也以多種形式并存，如外資企業、中外合資企業、國有企業、股份制企業和個體企業，規模有大到年產值數億元以上，小到數百萬元不等。具有良好生活條件、產品質量控制體系健全的企業有 100 余個， 2005 年全行業銷售額約為 200 億元，這其中外資企業的銷售額約占四分之一左右。 國內減速器行業重點骨干企業的產品品種、規格及參數覆蓋范圍近幾年都在不斷擴展，產品質量已達到國外先進工業國家同類產品水平，完全可承擔起為國民經濟各行業提供傳動裝置配套的重 任，部分產品還出口至歐美及東南亞地區。主減速器的作用是用來降低傳動軸傳來的轉速而增大旋轉扭矩，并將扭矩改變傳動方向，經差速器傳給半軸。主減速器的結構形式主要是根據齒輪類型、減速器形式不同而不同。主減速器的齒輪主要有螺旋錐齒輪、雙曲面齒輪、圓柱齒輪和蝸輪蝸桿等形式。 雙級主減速器與單級相比，在保證離地間隙相同時可得到大的傳動比